Looking for Alabrandi and the Simple Gift Essay

Good morning teachers and fellow students. The idea that we continue on as we are: unchanged, unchanging is unbelievably illogical. In a time and world where things are constantly changing, it is impossible to be in existence without being affected by the process of change. Changes are inevitable, and they are happening everywhere around us. This idea is portrayed in the Prescribed film â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and my ORT The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick. The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed. This quote by Psychologist Carl Jung is clearly evident in both texts looking for Alibrandi and The Simple Gift. During the opening scene of the film looking for Alibrandi there is a Qantas plane taking off or departing likewise in the Simple Gift the symbol of Change is more dramatic with Billy illegally riding the freight train out of town; he is unsure where he will end up. This is very contrasting to the symbolism of leaving in looking for Alibrandi where Josie believes she knows exactly what she wants to do, where she wants to go and who she wants to marry. Josie Meets Jacob Coote from cook high at a public speaking event, the two have an instant reaction it could even be described by chemical. Josie and Jacob are portrayed as opposites Josie’s believes that she is better than Jacob. When the Sydney schools have the first social event of the year Josie looks to John Barton (the son of the national liberal party leader) But john never asks her it is Jacob that asks her to dance, Jacob Says â€Å"It’s a pity you’re not school captain we could have been perfect† this highlights that Jacob is aware of Josie’s views towards him. In The Simple Gift Billy’s life changes significantly, as does Old Bill’s. When readers first get to know Old Bill, the technique of recounting is used as we learn why he is a homeless man. When Billy enters Old Bill’s life, he is prompted to change the way he lives. At first, Old Bill opposes these changes, as he swears â€Å"piss off kid†. He then begins to accept the changes as we observe him getting up early, having showers and quitting drinking. Old Bill’s attitudes towards change develop through the novel and by the end, he looks forward to change as he deals with his past When Billy first becomes homeless I believe that this moment is the catalyst for change in Billy’s life. Billy meets many challenges in this new place, such as where to sleep and where to find food. He meets these challenges head up, as he is determined to enter this new world and make a new life for himself. He sleeps in an old train carriage, and most of his meals are scraps from McDonalds. His attitude towards this change is enthusiastic and he feels that this change is beneficial for him. Josie meets thernominal challenges also with the death of John Barton, Josie’s world is thrown into turmoil and Josie seeks answers as to why someone like John Barton with all the things he had going for him would commit suicide. And asks the rhetorical question â€Å"I wonder what his parents will do with the sheets, will they throw them away or will they scrub and scrub so that they can always sleep on them.† Josie is in an emotional state for quite a while. One day on the train Josie and Jacob cross paths and Josie has a break down, Jacob comforts her. I believe that this is the catalyst of change for Josie between her and Jacob. Josie’s Initial reaction to her father Michael Andretti coming back into her life was nothing short of her dismissing him as a useless selfish object. This is parallel with the reaction of Billy towards his father. This is supported by the extracts ‘soulless tyranny’ of â€Å"the old bastard’ his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father. I believe that Josie chooses to have a positive relationship with her father when she calls him after Josie hits Carly with one of her ancient history textbook. Michael gets Josie out of trouble at school and also changes Josie’s perception about fathers Josie now believes that fathers have a use, she is also growing quite fond of her father. Josie now stays at her father apartment on Sydney harbor on most weekends and enjoys spending time with her father. In the closing scene of the film it is exactly one year later on tomato day again and the picture quality is a lot sharper this conveys that Josie is clear about her decision to be there and even invites her friends over this time. The key idea conveyed in both â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and â€Å"The simple Gift† is quite nicely summed up by â€Å"The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed† this is clearly evident in both with Josie’s relationships with Jacob Coote and her father Michael Andretti and Also for Billy with his relationships with Old Bill and Caitlin.

Functions of Human Resources

Human Resources, or HR, can at times, be something of a mystery if you have not had any reason to interact with the human resource staff. What do they accomplish in the human resources department? What is their contribution to the company? Every day the human resources department is making decisions that affect the employees. Wages and salaries, hiring and firing, handling employee grievances, and employee training are functions of the human resources department. Wages and Salaries Human resources follows the patterns of other employers to help them determine what they pay the company employees. Competitive wages are important to employees when they are job searching or moving up within the company. According to the HR Council for the Nonprofit Sector, â€Å"Salary surveys are conducted with employers in the same labor market to determine pay levels for specific job categories† (â€Å"Wages,† â€Å"n. d. ,†, p. 2). Surveys are a function of HR to determine if they are offering competitive wages with other companies. Hiring and Firing Hiring new employees is directly affected by human resources. Creating job descriptions and determining the skills needed to qualify for a position is a function of the human resources department. Job descriptions describe what is expected from the person applying for the position. This written job description also gives the human resources guidelines if discipline is needed in the future. Established expectations are used to coach an employee and if necessary fire the employee. Firing Firing an employee is not as easy as it may seem. Documentation is necessary to build a history of coaching an employee into the correct behavior. If the correct behavior is not reached a historical case has been created to support firing the employee. If the action or behavior violates company policy, immediate firing of the employee can happen. Employee Grievances Listening to employee grievances is an important function of human resources. Linking management with workers who have an issue that needs addressing is handled within human resources. Management may not be aware of an employee’s grievance without the connection that human resources can make between the two levels of employees. Documentation of the grievance and steps toward a solution is a function of human resources. Employee Training Training employees and supplying current job information should be a continual process of the human resources department. Keeping employees trained is a vital step in running a good company. â€Å"In order to improve the efficiency level of the employees they have go undergo regular trainings and development programs† (â€Å"Training,† â€Å"n. d. ,†, p. 2). Employees who can complete their jobs to the highest level possible keep the company running efficiently. It is the responsibility and function of the human resources department to supply training to the company’s employees. Conclusion There are many functions of the human resources department. Hiring employees, training, and coaching are a few functions of human resources. Human resources support the company in ways not always seen, but the effects are implemented with the workers. Creating a productive work environment requires constant work from the human resources department that may not always be noticed.

Interests Rates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interests Rates - Coursework Example Akerlof’s experience during his writings on Lemons problem and its effect on the proficient functioning of a market is best summarized by stating that markets are characterized by asymmetric information, and thus there is a need for adjusting the markets interests rates for individual market participants, which necessitates the better-informed participants to take costly actions in an effort to develop market outcome by transmitting credible information to the poorly informed. According to Akerlof, most sellers are likely to lower the quality of a product in situations where the buyer cannot exactly determine or observe the product quality. He adds prices are likely to decline because of the unwillingness of the buyers to pay because of skimped quality. This leads a much lower quality because sellers maximize every opportunity to make more prices at the lower prices offered by buyers. This leads to market failure because sellers would sell a high-quality product at high prices despite the fact that buyers are willing to pay for the high prices.Akerlof uses examples of second-hand cars to enhance his theory of market equilibrium. The categories the cars into two; Lemons and Plums. The lemon represents a bad car, a car that is of poor quality and buyers should avoid buying lemons in the market according to Akerlof. He uses plum to mean a good quality car and most buyers would prefer to buy a plum. This situation occurs because people will not easily verify the quality of a product.

Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chicago - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the theory of the central places has been criticized for unreality. Static theory, not taking into account the temporal aspect in the development of the central places was also criticized. Furthermore, the theory is well illustrated in practice, when it comes to agricultural areas, but not for industrial or post-industrial areas due to the diverse nature of the various services and the distribution of a variety of natural resources in them. Numerical studies of the evolutionary model, which are based on the ideas of Christaller showed that symmetrical distribution is unstable. Small fluctuations are enough in order to areas with a high concentration of activity appear and cause an outflow of population and reduction of activity in other zones.This essay highlights that  the theory of production location (the theory of location) studies placing of productive forces as the allocation process on the territory of objects and phenomena; it is included in the subject of the regional economy. The location theory describes the geographical placement of the economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional economics and spatial economy. The theory examines which economic activity is located there, where and why. The theory is based on the whole accommodation on microeconomics, on the assumption that agents act in their own interests.

METHODOLOGY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

METHODOLOGY POLICY - Essay Example Organizations operate with the aim of attaining economic efficiencies. Production is guided by the law of marginal utility and continues until marginal returns equal marginal cost of production. Beyond this point, production is inefficient and organizations stop production. The graph shows an increasing trend in production and therefore explains that marginal utility from production is still lower than unit production cost. Based on the theory, advantage in production cost or higher demand into higher utility could explain the trend. The theory however fails to recognize the role of social utility in production and resource distribution (The State of Working America, 1; Wolf and Reinsick 52- 55). Labor theory of value explains that labor cost is the main driver of commodities’ cost, and therefore indicators of productivity. The graph, based the theory, shows that labor costs have been increasing at a higher rate than median family income. It also demonstrates inequality in labor wages. The theory’s rationale is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 169). Keynesian theory explains a relationship between productivity and aggregate demand. The graph, based on the theory shows an increase in demand despite lower increase rate in income and therefore suggests increase in number of households towards higher demand and productivity values. Rationale of Keynesian theory is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 126). Institutionalist methodology focuses on social utility instead of economic efficiency. Based on the approach, the graph demonstrates increasing investments into social utilities while demand driven production could have similar changes to median income. The investments could be from the government and private entities. This is contrary to neoclassical perspective economic efficiency (The State of Working America

Commercial real estate- Manhattan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial real estate- Manhattan - Coursework Example Downtown experiences the most rapid growth, followed by Midtown, and finally Uptown (Wheatonm et al., 2009). In addition, Manhattan has the largest and broadest set-up of business improvement districts (BIDS) in New York (Rudder Property, 2013). They are actually considered one of the key drivers for economic revitalization in the commercial property development. We cannot objectively describe the economic drives of Manhattan without considering the commercial real estate of the County (Wheatonm et al., 2009). Other factors are equally important, especially the overwhelming workforce industry, but this particular sector economically overshadows them in many aspects. To put it, the commercial real estate in Manhattan is undisputedly the worlds most stylish and costly real estate industry going the present statistics. In fact, it is the home to the world’s most famous bridges, skyscrapers and parks. The One World Trade Centre, Chrysler Building, Empire State Building and the twin towers are all located in Manhattan (Carlyle, 2014). According to Forbes, the real estate worth of Manhattan as at 2013 exceeded three trillion US dollars (Brennah, 2013). In terms of office space, it is listed as the largest office market in the US (Rudder Property, 2013). Currently, Manhattan is the third most densely populated borough in New York County. With over 1,636,268 inhabitants. This is about a fifth of the population of the City, and 9% of the state (State and County QuickFacts, 2015). In land area, it is the smallest of the five boroughs. One of the reasons why most tall buildings are located in the area is because of the bedrock which underlies much of the borough (Moss & Qung, 2012). People have argued that it is perhaps the preferred locations for skyscrapers due to the unique nature of its bedrock from one town to the other (Wheaton et al., 2009 According to the information provided by the real estate firm Douglas Elliman, commercial real

Analysis of an advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of an advertisement - Essay Example The accompanied text will also be looked into with the message being kept in the societal context. The advert is clear on who the target group is. It shows a young adult driving the product while in the wilderness. The aim of the advertisement is to encourage more middle class citizens to purchase the product. The young population is the targeted group. Mercedes in the advert is trying to break the stereotypes associated with its product (Emercedes-Benz, 2012). Its products are linked with the high end of the market with it being associated with high prices and luxury traits. The high end of the economy is directly associated with age as majority of the rich in society are way above the age of thirty. The advert uses the young male model to indicate the other aspect of their product. It is evident that the advert is trying to lure the young population with the assumption that the older population forms their loyal customer group. The company is trying to add to their existing customers with the aim being future customers as their product seems to be affordable to customers who ar e already established. The aim of the advertisement is to showcase the safety traits that the product is accompanied with. The accompanied text is evident on the message being put across. Figure 1 shows the details of the text accompany the advert. The company fails in one aspect while displaying the advert. It focuses more n the additional feature the product is fitted with while ignoring the safety of the consumers. The text explains the motive of the company as it states ‘Sense danger and increases braking power. BAS PLUS’ (Emercedes-Benz, 2012). Life is the most important aspect of any living being and the advert fails to value life and instated indicates the nature in which the braking system is more powerful and guarantees life. The angel of darkness appearing in the advert adds a gothic effect to the

How Globalisation Influence Policies and Decision Making on Brasil Case Study

How Globalisation Influence Policies and Decision Making on Brasil Foods - Case Study Example A country like Brazil with a strong agriculture-based economy has certainly made the rapid transformation in the agriculture field and in other important sectors as well largely due to the derived benefits of globalisation. One of the primary benefits which can be obtained developing nations from globalisation is the influx of greater amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Brazil also took a courageous step concerning this aspect by permitting 100% FDI in the major sectors like retail, oil, gas, iron and steel among others. This external influence of globalisation has facilitated an economic boom in Brazil in the past decade. Due to the positive influence of globalisation, the disposable income and purchasing power parity aspects have also augmented substantially which can be noticed from the expansion of the economy by 7.5% in the year 2010. In terms of another crucial external influence of globalisation, it is observed that foreign workers belonging to varied income levels have started to come to Brazil, which has certainly enabled to boost the country’s economy. In terms of internal influences of globalisation on Brazil, it is observed that by the year 2010 the nation had transformed into one of the foremost exporters of food in the world. The initiatives such as deregulation and privatisation have played a pivotal part in the economic emergence of Brazil. These factors have substantially been influenced by globalisation as the privatisation and deregulation are meant to attract greater investment in the nation which can facilitate overall development (McGraw-hill, n.d., Bell & Kindred, 2012; The Times 100, 2013).  

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Ethics - Essay Example It also entails the study of common values, for example, natural or human rights, the significant equality of all human beings, obeying the laws of the land, and concern for safety and health (Singer 14). Ethics can help me live a better life. The role of ethics in the society is extremely significant because it is the basic standards and beliefs that make everything function properly. Ethics is included in all institutions and organizations around us whether social, political, religious, lawful, or medical. Ethics may help in improving my life by giving me comfort in knowing that I have the capacity to choose between the right and wrong. For instance, I am able to live a better life because I believe doctors are ethical and can trust their diagnosis. If ethics did not apply in various areas of life, for example, medicine, a number of health professionals may deliberately misdiagnose their patients for the purpose of getting money instead of improving the wellbeing and health of the patient. In addition, ethics can help me live a better life through business. Ethics gives me comfort that a business exchange will not fall through. In today’s world, contracts and laws are put into effect to ensure that the business exchanges are favorable to both parties and that these parties will keep up their side of the deal. Therefore, without ethics, my life will not improve as the society will be one of uncertainty and dishonesty. Even though there is no perfect society, ethics plays a significant part in improving the lives of individuals. There are several ethical parameters that I utilize to determine my actions, thoughts, and the kind of life I live. I reflect and think about the worldview and values of individuals. Everyone has specific worldviews that structure and inform the way they interact and relate with others and the world. Nevertheless, the values system and worldview is not something that I am completely aware of. My values system and worldview is par tly shaped by influences and experiences that I have minimal influence over, for example, teachers and parents. In taking time to reflect and think about the way I perceive the world I am able to determine my actions, thoughts, and way of life. I assess my value system. This helps in adopting an objective or impartial view. It entails recognizing the qualities that I think signify my pleasant points, faults, and components that need enhancement (Singer 18). I attempt to see myself the way other people see me. I also determine my actions, thoughts, and way of life through reading and other cultural activities. I read novelists whose works contain ethical dilemmas and moral issues, which is acts as a beneficial way of extending my moral and ethical horizons. In addition, reading ethical work of significant philosophers, for example, John Dewey and Plato provides me with a profusion of ideas for thoughts, actions, and life in general. I also write down a moral standard for myself to de termine my actions, thoughts, and the kind of life I live. This includes both the type of individual that I want to be and the type of world I want to exist in. A moral code refers to an individual statement that forms a manual for personal preferences and choices. Taking the time to extend my ethical parameters indicates that ethical systems come in varying sizes and shapes. It also entails writing down a series of queries that are significant to me and find out how to

Logistics and Project Planning Essay Example for Free

Logistics and Project Planning Essay The mission of elc was to provide consumers with access to the Internet at the lowest cost. Despite the excellent support and recognition from the public, elc was experiencing adversity of keeping their business profitable after the Internet Investment bubble burst. The original concept of owning many of the large stand-alone cafes with 250-500 PC terminals at each cafe was not working well. elc undertook a dramatic restructuring of the company by downsizing the cafes. Many of the large, original stand-alone elc stores will be run by franchisees. These franchised stores will become smaller stores which have 20 to 30 PCs terminals at each cafe and with no staff required except for regular maintenance. Less involvement with store operations allows elc to concentrate on activities of their core competence and outsource all the non-core activities. Their core competence was to continue building their ‘easy’ brand and applying the yield management model to the Internet cafe business. Their business goal was to open 4 new franchises per week over the next 3 years. In order to achieve the goal of growing their franchised Internet cafes business, an efficient, flexible and cost-effective logistics system is what they need for the provision of equipment to the franchisee. Since logistics is one of the non-core activities that is perceived as a bottleneck for scalability, the present logistics system of elc will be reviewed and findings of whether to outsource the logistics system will be presented to the management team. Background of easyGroup Stelios Haji-loannou, the founder of easyGroup, is the renowned Greek entrepreneur who utilized his family money to launch a serial of ventures. His first venture, Stelmar Tankers was found in 1992. The company very soon went into the public sector and was listed on New York Stock Exchange. In 1995, he found easyJet. easyJet was a no-frills, low cost airline company and later grew to become the largest no-frill airline in Europe and was listed on the London stock exchange in 2000. Building on the success of easyJet and to extend the ‘easy’ brand further, he formed the holding company easyGroup in 1998. easyInternetcafe was his first venture under the umbrella of the easyGroup. Other companies in the group included easyJet, easyCar, easyCinema, easy. com, easyMoney and easyValue, easyBus, easyPizza, easyCruise, and easyDorm. Low price and no-frill is the key elements of the ‘easy’ brand. Yield Management Model Stelios is an enthusiast of Yield Management Model and he applies the model to his business. According to Wikipedia, yield management is the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing consumer behavior in order to maximize revenue or profits from a fixed, perishable resource (such as airline seats or hotel room reservations). Stelios believes that lowering the price will increase the demands of the customers significantly. By locating all the large internet cafes in high traffic areas, elc aimed to capture the maximum revenue by providing internet services with a variety of price points at different points in time (peak hours or off peak hours). The price for Internet access varies based on demand, raising the price in dollar per hour in mid-afternoon, when stores are nearly full. That gives bargain hunters an incentive to visit in the non-peak hours, when price is dropping. The model is well suited for business with high fixed cost and perishable supply. The large numbers of computer equipments inside the Internet cafes are capital intensive for elc. The empty seats inside the cafe in a certain time period cannot generate any revenue and thus can be said to have perished. elc uses one of their capital proprietary products, CVM, to monitor how seats are occupied and react accordingly, for example by adjusting the price to offer discounts when it appears that large amount of seats are remaining empty. However, this model is not working for elc as it does for airline and hotel industries. The customers’ willingness to pay for using the internet access at theses internet cafe is impulsive and their demands are not easy to predict. The yield management model works well for airlines and hotels mainly because their customers usually plan ahead of time on their journey. Therefore, airlines and hotels are more likely to predict their customer demands and adjust the prices accordingly. They still have time to attract customers by offering last minute deals. But for internet cafes, customers do not make reservation for their usage of Internet in advance. Customer demands are thus very hard to predict. Even though the CVM can adjust the pricing based on the vacancy of the cafe, it is difficult to attract enough customers in a short period of time to fill up the empty usage of the internet access. Since Internet was still a new technology at that time, Internet access was not yet considered to be an essential product. Customers were likely to learn when to visit the cafes so that they can pay less compared to other time period.

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying Abstract This lab investigates the purification and assaying of lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography and Bradford protein assay. Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is employed in this lab as the substrate for lysozyme and its enzymatic activities are observed under various pH and substrate concentrations for determining the optimal conditions for lysozyme activity. The highest lysozyme activity was observed at a substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at an optimum phosphate buffer pH of 7. These optimal conditions were set as standard conditions for assaying the purified fractions for lysozyme activity and for the protein assay. A solution of egg white is used as the source for lysozyme and it is purified using size exclusion chromatography with column Sephadex G-50 that has a fractionation range from 1,500 to 30,000 daltons. Size exclusion chromatography provides purification of lysozyme, however about 64% of its initial yield is lost in the process of purification through the beads. The hi ghest lysozyme activity was observed for fraction # 12 indicating a structural mass range of 15,000da-13,500da for lysozyme. The protein assay indicated a significant concentration of protein in the neighbouring fractions of purified lysozyme, however the exact concentration of lysozyme in albumen remain inconclusive. Introduction Lysozyme is a catalytic enzyme that digests bacterial cell wall and is found in significant amounts in egg whites. Egg white, also known as albumen, is the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg cell, which consists of approximately 40 different proteins dissolved in water (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). The main proteins in albumen are ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, globulins, lysozyme, ovomucin, avidin, etc (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Lysozyme comprises about 3.5 % of the total protein weight in albumen (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) and thus a solution of egg white was used as the source of lysozyme in this lab. The main objective of this lab is to purify lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography for examining its structural properties and concentration in albumen. In this experiment lysozyme is extracted and purified from albumen using size exclusion chromatography. The stationary phase in the column consists of a porous cross linked gel matrix of Sephadex G-50 with a fractionation range of 1,500da to 30,000da. Separation and purification by size exclusion chromatography is based on molecular size i.e. larger molecules elute first with the mobile phase while the smaller molecules get trapped within the beads and elute last (Lodish et al. 2000). The different proteins present in albumen should elute at different fractions due to their varying molecular sizes leading to the purification of lysozyme which has a literature structural mass of 14,400da. It is hypothesized that since lysozyme is a small molecule in comparison to the fractionation range of the Sehadex G-50 coloumn, a significant amount of lysozyme is likely to be trapped or retarded by the resin beads resulting in a low yield. Substrate binding is used as a powerful tool in this experiment where the enzymatic reactions are used for detecting the presence of lysozyme. The structural composition of lysozyme consists of 129 amino acid residues folded into a compact globular structure with a cleft for substrate binding (Berg et al. 2002). When a substrate binds to the cleft, it hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan polysaccharide found in many bacterial cell walls, resulting in the osmotic lyses of the cell (Berg et al. 2002). Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects lysozyme due to their peptidoglycan cell wall being exposed to the extracellular environment (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). However, gram negative bacteria are less vulnerable to the presence of lysozyme due to their thin layer of peptidoglycan shielded by the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). In this lab, the gram positive bacteria of Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is used as a substrate for detecting the enzymatic activ ities of lysozyme. The Bradford assay on the other hand is used to estimate the concentration of lysozyme with respect to other major proteins present in albumen. Lysozyme has great research importance since it possesses the capability to lyse gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme, like most of the other biomolecules are not found in nature in its isolated form and this lab investigates one of the most simplest methods for extracting and purifying lysozyme from albumen. Materials and Methods A solution of egg white diluted to  ¼ with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered though glass wool is used as the source for lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The solution is put through size exclusion chromatography with G-50 Sephadex column (fractionation range of 1,500-30,000 da) to produce 24 test tubes of equal egg white fractionations of 0.75 mL (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Numerous assays are conducted with varying pH and micrococcus (substrate) concentration to determine the optimal conditions for the highest enzymatic activity of lysozyme. After the collected column fractions and prepared egg white solution were left in the lab for two weeks, the odd numbered test tubes were assayed for lysozyme activity and the even numbered test tubes were assayed for protein at optimal pH. Refer to York University Department of Biology Laboratory Manual Summer 2008, SC/Biol 2020 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Pages 54-57 for a more detailed procedure of the lab. Also refer to the attached flow sheets for a thorough step by step procedure for this lab. Results The addition of micrococcus to a solution of lysozyme results in the rapid decrease in its optical density value due to its enzymatic reactions. Various assays are conducted in this lab to examine various properties of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay indicated 0.4 mg/mL of micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme as it resulted in the highest enzymatic activity of 250 units. The pH assay on the other hand indicated pH 7 to be the ideal pH for the phosphate buffer as it resulted in the high lysozyme activity of 300 units. These observations led us to set 0.4 mg/mL micrococcus and buffer pH of 7 as standard conditions for assaying the size exclusion column fractionations for protein activity. When assaying the odd numbered fractionations for lysozyme activity, fraction # 15 reached the highest enzymatic activity of 900 units specifying the presence of concentrated lysozyme in that fraction of egg white. The neighbouring fractions (#14 and #16) show ed significant protein concentrations of 4.4 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL when assayed however the highest protein concentration as observed in fraction # 12 which indicated a protein concentration outside the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of fraction # 12 was calculated to be 9mg/mL. Based on the results, a protein fold of 1.36 was calculated and the results showed a high lysozyme yield loss of about 64%. Calculations: Sample calculation of Micrococcus dilution: Target: 3 ml of 0.4 mg/ml Micrococcus C1V1 = C2V2 (10 mg/ml)(x ml) = (0.4 mg/ml)(3 ml) X = 0.12 ml of Micrococcus 3 ml 0.12 ml = 2.88 ml Therefore, 0.12 ml of Micrococcus and 2.88 ml of Phosphate buffer will be required Sample calculation of total protein in fraction # 15: protein concentration of 0.52 mg/mL Volume in fraction: 0.1 mL Total protein = 0.52mg/mL X 0.1mL = 0.052 mg Sample calculation of Total Enzyme Activity in fraction # 15 Activity = ΔOD x 1min/0.001 Activity = (0.4) x 1min/0.001 Activity = 400 units Sample calculation of Specific Activity for fraction # 15: Enzyme activity of column fraction 15 = 90 units Total protein = 0.052 mg Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total protein Specific Activity = 400 units/( 0.052 mg) Specific Activity = 7692 units/mg protein Sample calculation of initial specific activity of the egg white at 0.3 mg/ml substrate: Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total Protein Specific Activity = 90 units/(4.5 mg/ml x 0.1 ml) Specific Activity = 200 units/ mg protein Calculation of Fold Purification: Fold Purification = Specific Activity of fraction/Specific Activity of egg white Fold Purification = (7692 units/ mg protein) / (200 units/ mg protein) = 38.46 Discussion This lab experiment examines the purification and assaying of egg white lysozyme. Lysozyme is both a protein and an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan (Lodish et al. 2000). It is found in abundant quantities in albumen (egg whites) where it protects the egg embryo from bacterial invasion. Several assays were conducted in this lab experiment and each assay demonstrated a significant property of lysozyme. Enzymes have optimal conditions at which it functions most effectively and it is important that enzymes are studied under optimal conditions for the most accurate results and observations. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay were employed in this experiment to determine the optimal conditions for lysozyme since its enzymatic activity varies with substrate concentration and buffer pH. Appropriate substrate concentration is significant for an enzymatic reaction because a high substrate concentration might outnumber the available active sites on lysozyme while a low substrate concentration will leave vacant binding sites on the lysozyme. This lab proved 0.4 mg/mL of Micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme with a high enzymatic activity of 250 units. The determination of the optimal pH at which the substrate-enzyme binding is carried out most efficiently is another important aspect of an enzymatic reaction. An environment too acidic or basic could ca use hindrance for the substrate-enzyme binding and thus result in low lysozyme activity. The phosphate buffer pH assay in this lab proved pH 7 to be the optimal pH at which the enzymatic activities of lysozyme are carried out most efficiently with an enzymatic activity of 300 units. Size exclusion chromatography is used in this experiment for extracting and purifying lysozyme from the mixture of approximately 40 proteins that is present in albumen. Other proteins that are present in significant quantities in egg whites are ovalbumin (66 kDa), ovotransferrin (77.8 kDa), ovomucoid (28 kDa), ovomucin, avidin (18kDa), etc. however none of these proteins share the same molecular mass as lysozyme which has a literature molecular weight of 14.5 kDa (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). This unique mass distinction between the proteins present in albumen allows size exclusion chromatography to be an effective method in purifying lysozyme as its separation method is solely based on molecular mass difference. Specific selection of resin for the column is another important factor in protein purification as the porosity and fractionation range of the column should be focused on the protein being purified. This experiment uses the Sephadex G-50 column for protein purification. The stationary phase of Sephadex G-50, has a bead matrix with a well defined pore size for separating proteins within the fractionation range of 1,500da 30,000da. Sephadex G-50 is well suited for lysozyme purification because lysozyme has a literature molecular mass of 14,400da (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) which falls midway between the column fractionation range. Purification of lysozyme however would come with the cost of obtaining low lysozyme yields. During purification, the larger molecules elute first while the smaller molecules like lysozyme travel through the beads and elute last. This affects the yield of lysozyme as some of its initial mass gets trapped within the gel matrix beads during separation while another small fraction of the initial yield is lost due to the retardation of the lysozyme during the in and out diffusion of the protein from the beads in the matrix (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Thus for a method like size exclusion chromatography, I would predict very low yields. The prediction was proved to be true as the data collected from the experiment demonstrated a low yield of 36%. Thus even though the method of size exclusion chromatography is effective in purifying lysozyme, it comes with the disadvantage of low yield. Micrococcus, the substrate for lysozyme in this experiment, is a gram positive bacteria with an exposed peptidoglycan cell wall (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Like any other enzymes, lysozyme is very specific about its substrate and the ability of lysozyme to bind to micrococcus and lyse the cell allows us to follow its enzymatic activity through the decrease in optical density detected on the spectrometer. Lysozyme activity assay demonstrated a peak for the highest enzymatic activity at fraction # 15. The peak represents the single protein species of lysozyme because micrococcus can only be digested by lysozyme and no other albumen proteins. Therefore all activities observed for lysozyme assay is due to the presence of lysozyme binding and hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan in the cellular walls of micrococcus. Micrococcus is thus the ideal substrate for this experiment however it also poses some disadvantages as well due to its biohazardous nature. Micrococcus needs to be handled with extra c aution and is to be discarded of appropriately. The lysozyme assay showed the highest specific activity of 900 units in fraction # 15. This indicated that fraction # 15 contained purified lysozyme. Considering the fractionation range of 1,500 30,000 da of the chromatography, and the elusion of a fixed volume into 24 separate test tubes, an estimation of the molecular weight range for fraction # 15 could be made around 15,000 da 13,500 da, a range that covers the literature molecular mass of lysozyme, 14,400 da. Thus, our detection for the fraction of egg white containing purified lysozyme was pretty accurate. The Bradford protein assay was used in this lab to examine the protein concentration of lysozyme with reference to the other proteins present in albumen. Theoretically lysozyme comprises about 3.5% of the total protein mass in albumen (Canà §ado et al. 2007). Even though it is a significant amount, there are other proteins comprising a higher concentration in albumen. The odd fractionations closest to #15 show fair concentrations of protein with # 14 showing a concentration of 4.4 mg/mL and # 15 showing 1.6 mg/mL. In order to get an accurate reading for the lysozyme protein concentration, fraction # 15 would have to be directly assayed instead of its neighbouring fractions. Thus the actual lyoszyme concentration in albumen remains inconclusive. The highest protein peak was observed for fraction # 12 with a protein concentration that went beyond the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of # 12 was determined to be approximately 9 mg/mL. This indicates that a protein that eluted in fraction # 12 is the most concentrated in albumen. Specific activity is defined as the enzyme activity over total amount of protein (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The specific activity of 900 units/mg protein for fraction 15 and the specific activity of the initial egg white solution of 666.66 a fold purification of 1.35(Refer to calculations). The yield of lysozyme after purification was fairly low indicating a high percent of loss. This loss was due to a portion of lysozyme being trapped within the beads of the matrix during purification and another small portion being distorted during in and out diffusion of lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The 64% loss in enzyme yield was worth the increase in purity because purifying the enzyme enabled us to estimate its structural mass and protein concentration in albumen. Sources of error in this lab were tried to be kept at its minimal level however there could still be some errors that might have deviated the results slightly. Lysozyme activity was measured by detecting the difference in optical density on a spectrophotometer in a time period of 1 minute. Incorrect readings of the optical density caused by fingerprints/other residue on the test tube surface or reading the incorrect absorbance at an earlier or later time period could have been a major source of error as this lab is dependent on the accuracy of the optical density readings. Other sources of error could be dilution errors as some of the dilution require very minute amounts and pipetting the small amounts with the pipette provided for this lab accurately is very challenging. New researches in the field of biochemistry help expand our knowledge about cell and molecular processes and thus research interest in the unique enzyme of lysozyme is of no exception. It was previously believed that lysozyme was used primarily as a constitutive defense against bacterial pathogens but recent research indicate that in certain species in the animal kingdom the structure of lysozyme is different and the structural difference enables lysozyme to incorporate other useful functions such as digesting bacteria for nutrition (Canà §ado, et al., 2007). Research has also shed light on urinary lysozyme C showing that a combination of urinary lysozyme C with certain RNases can be used to combat HIV-1 (Lodish et al. 2000). Other researches on lysozyme conducted by Lee-Huang et al. found that lysozyme from chicken egg white, human milk and human neutrophils combined with RNase A from bovine pancreas display activity against HIV-1 (Lee-Huang, et al., 1999). These are significant di scoveries that not only broaden our knowledge in biochemistry but also define possible cures for HIV in the future. Conclusion Lysozyme is a widely distributed enzyme in the animal kingdom that lyse bacterial cells to protect organisms from bacterial invasion and this lab demonstrated some of the important characteristics of this unique enzyme. Micrococcus proved to be an ideal substrate for observing lysozyme activity due to its gram positive nature illustrated by its exposed peptidoglycan cell wall, the cleavage target of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay demonstrated how lysozyme is at its peak enzymatic activity at the optimal substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at a buffer pH of 7. Even though the exact protein concentration of lysozyme in albumen remains inconclusive, the neighbouring fractions assayed for protein concentration provided an estimate that lysozyme is present in significant amounts in egg white in comparison to the other albumen proteins. Even though lysozyme was successfully purified using size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-50 column, its purificati on resulted in the loss of lysozyme yield. The column beads trapped and retarded about 64% of the total lysozyme resulting in low yields. Overall this was lab was well engineered to demonstrate how size exclusion chromatography can be used for purification based on molecular mass and how the unique activities of a certain enzyme with its specific substrate can be used to determine the purified fraction that contain the certain enzyme. Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Introduction We live in an ageing world and Australia is not an exception. In 1901 only 4% of Australians were 65 and older, by 2016 that figure increased to 15.3% and is estimated to rise to 23% by 2041 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 2012). The United Nations (UN) principles of ageing, supported by the Australian Government, recognises the rights of all older persons, focusing in areas such as: independence; participation; care; self-fulfilment and dignity (Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2013), but are we doing enough to protect these rights and ensuring our older Australians are not left disadvantaged? This essay looks at the case of Hank, retrenched from his lifelong employer at the age of 62 with future employment prospects bleak. It looks at factors through the life course that effect Hank in his older years and discovers how Social Workers can respond to this demographic to assist them in continuing to fulfil a satisfying life. Key Social, Psychological and Physical Needs As a social worker, it is important to have an understanding of the key social, psychological and physical needs of the client plus any issues that may be present. In this way, a holistic and specific needs assessment can be made that identifies how a client situation affects his needs moving forward (Tanner Harris,2008). Hank was retrenched from his workplace and is having difficulty finding a new job. The jobs he is experienced in are becoming unsuitable due to the onset of arthritis and without formal training, his employment prospects are bleak. There have been many studies linking unemployment with lower levels of well-being, and higher levels of distress, self-doubt and dissatisfaction (VanDerMeer,2014). Being unemployed can be detrimental to ones needs, not only because of lesser income but also due to the effects on psychological and social factors (VanDerMeer,2014). Societal norms and expectations also plays an important role in well-being, being employed helps us to feel w e are conforming to those values and norms (Thompson,2016, VanDerMeer,2014). Mens social identity is often centred around their work and although as a society we are shifting in our view of men being the sole bread winner, for Hanks cohorts, his role as financial provider gave him a sense of pride and sense of identity. Hanks friends, his social group, have remained at work, this puts added stress on Hanks wellbeing, people who are unemployed are better able to cope when others around them are in the same situation (Clark,2003). Human Rights and Legislation Hank, like all Australians, have a universal right to employment regardless of factors such as culture, gender, age and disability (Ife,2012). The Australian Government, through the Australian Human Rights Commission, has agreed to uphold the UN covenants on human rights. Although there is no international covenant in the area of ageing, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (1948, art.23) and the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights (1966, p.3,art.6) states that everyone has the right to work and be paid without discrimination, and that protections should be in place against unemployment. Federal legislation in place to uphold Australian Human Rights include the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 and Age Discrimination Act 1992. In Victoria, workers rights are protected through the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, which includes Age and Disability. Adhering to such rights gives all people a sense of human dignity, a value held by the Australian Asso ciation of Social Workers (AASW) in its code of ethics (2010). These protections should be an advantage to Hank but unfortunately, in reality age discrimination, modernisation and globalisation often make it difficult to apply. Impact of Structural and historical Factors Although ageing happens to us all regardless of race, culture, gender or class, these structural factors, economic and social policies, plus experiences throughout the life course, often have a significant influence on later life (Hughes Heycox,2010). That influence, restrained by economic and social policies, has the ability to limit choices and opportunities that impact on ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Australias increasing population and its effect on the dependency ratio (the portion of population who are too young or old to work by those of working age), will also have an impact on factors such as housing, medicare, Centrelink, superannuation and age care. If Hank turns 63 in 2017, he was born in 1954, the baby boom generation. The year of birth is not only important in determining Hanks generational cohorts and possible life course experiences, but also in determining his eligibility for services such as the aged pension and superannuation release. The baby boomers were so called due to the raise in babies born during and post world-war II 1943 -1964 (Tolbize,2008). According to Tolbize (2008, p.2), it was an era of prosperity and optimism and bolstered by the sense that they are a special generation capable of changing the world, have equated work with self-worth, contribution and personal fulfillment. Generalising on the typical situation of this generation, Hank and his cohorts would have had a strong sense of work and sacrifice. They believed in loyalty to one employer with success being gained through step-by-step promotion, of paying their dues (Tolbize,2008). Hank was born in the pre-globalisation era where people could more e asily get a job without the need for a university or formal trade education (Phillipson,2009). Hank chose to follow the path of his father, leave school at 16 and start work as a machine operator. He expected, just as his father did, to be in his job for the rest of his working life. However, the recent globalisation of the Australian economy and technological advances, are often reflected in retrenchment of lower skilled workers like Hank and the creation of structural unemployment where unemployment results from shifts in the economy and by factors such as technological advances, making lower-skilled jobs obsolete (Business Council of Australia (BCA),2004, Klehe et.al,2012). Government measures are normally in place to provide assistance in the form of retraining in such situations. For example, when industries such as the car manufacturing, the government purposed other needed industries for retraining such as, ironically, aged care. For older workers, such as Hank, the offer i s often refused. Hanks self-devaluing attitude based on the ageist stereotype of you cant teach an old dog new tricks is often a barrier to changes in ones employment sector. Based on his year of birth, Hank will be eligible for the aged pension at age 66. Since April 1909, when Australia commenced the Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908 for people aged 65, Australias retirement, pension and superannuation policies have become an important factor in the ageing experience. Since then, Australia has made changes to encourage Australians to be more self-sufficient in their retirement, therefore removing the burden of financial assistance from the government. 1915, saw the Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 allowing employers to make contributions on behalf of its employees for superannuation. In 1972 only 32% of Australians where covered by superannuation. In the 80s, the Federal government established policies around superannuation and taxation, this, plus the introduction of superannuation contribution by employers, increased the number of employees covered by Superannuation in 1990 to 64%. In 1992 the superannuation guarantee was implemented, employers were required to contribute to their employees superannuation fund. The amount of contribution progressively increased from 3% to 9% in 2002. In July 2017, the qualifying age for the age pension will increase by 6months every two years until it reaches 67 years of age in 2024 (Parliament of Australia,2010). The impact of government policy in Hanks situation means, that although he will not be eligible for the aged pension until 66, he is eligible to access his superannuation (Australian Department of Human Services (DHS),2017). The Department of Human Services through Centrelink is responsible for income support such as newstart, however in Hanks case, it is unclear if he is eligible for newstart based on his wifes full-time income. Victorian Skills Gateway, which is part of the Victorian Government Department Education and Training (DET) offices help with retraining and job search (DET,2017). Knowing the importance of older workers in the workforce, the government restart program offers incentives for employers to hire people over 50 (DET,2017). They are also looking at reforming structural barriers such as workers compensation, income protection and professional licensing all factors that affect employability of older workers. This is with the hope, that by removing these barriers, will remove negative perceptions of employing older workers (AHRC,2012). Theories of Ageing In the last few decades there has seen the development of many theories on ageing that allow us a better understanding of an older persons world. As a social worker, we can draw upon theories to gain clarity in understanding aspects of the human condition (Tanner Harris,2008, Hughes Heycox,2010). Theory can also enable us to find appropriate approaches to dealing with clients based on their specific needs and situations (Tanner Harris,2008). One of the pioneer theories on ageing, which draw popularity in the 60s through to the mid-seventies is disengagement theory. Disengagement theory, as proposed by Cummings and Henry (1961) states that ageing involves the gradual and inevitable withdrawal of a person from interacting with society. It supposes that this inevitable withdrawal is mutually beneficial, as it sees the transfer of power from the old members of society to the young. According to this theory, to successfully age means a reduction in activity levels and interactions until all activities cease in preparation for death (Hughes Heycox,2010). This enables the young a greater opportunity to become more active in contributing to society, thereby keeping society in balance (Victor,2005). Although Hank did not voluntarily leave the workforce, according to this theory, his retrenchment has set off his path to disengagement. We see this through his discouragement with not finding another job and therefore dropping out o f the job search and isolating himself from his friends. Proponents of this theory, would see this as natural progression for Hank Hank is on natural course leading to the remainder of his life. The problem with this theory in its original form however, is that it doesnt consider social processes and structures that are in place, that may hinder a person such as Hanks ability to engage (Hall Scragg,2012). Critics of this theory say it feeds into the negative stereotypes of ageing, making it seem acceptable and normal for older people to disengage and therefore preventing them from creating circumstances that increase engagement and quality of life (Bengtson DeLiema, 2016). One of its strengths however, is that the development of this theory opened the door to further research, resulting in a clearer view of natural ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Havighursts (1963) activity theory and Atchleys (1989) continuity theory were both in response to disengagement theory (Carstensen,199 1). Another such modification to disengagement theory was by Streib Schneider (1971), who concluded that disengagement from one sphere of life, does not mean withdrawal from all spheres (Streib Schneider,1971), this made available the idea of new social roles for the aged. As a social worker, applying Streibs version of disengagement activity within disengagement to the case of Hank, Streib emphasis the need for a new role for the retrenched, involving activities that are not mere busy work but should satisfy the social-psychological needs of Hank and be recognised as valid and socially useful pursuits (Streib Schneider,1971). Encouraging Hanks involvement in activities such as the mens shed or volunteer organisations such as meals on wheels or hands on learning (teaching disengaged youths practical skills). These activities differentiate themselves from hobby work because they not only benefit Hank but are also of community benefit. Keeping active in such a way may also lead to renewed encouragement towards employment in other areas. Another challenge to the disengagement perspective is the exchange theory of ageing. This theory draws upon previous works on the social-psychological theory of exchange, and addresses how a decrease in a persons power and status is associated with ageing (Dowd,1975). Dowd presents ageing and social interaction in the image of a cost-benefit model. Dowd reasons that as we age our conduct becomes a burden to ongoing interactions with others. It takes a greater effort to maintain a level of competent contribution, this decreasing competence means those we interact with are getting less benefit in the return they give. The greater the older person is dependent on others, the more they become a burden. Therefore, an older person begins to withdrawal from social life in order to balance the equation of exchange (Lynott Lynott,1996, Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, the loss of his job has given him a perceived loss of identity, status and power, not only amongst his social circle as Hanks close friends are still employed, but also within his family. Hank took pride in being the financial support giver for the family but this has been taken away from him, and his wife Jane has had to step up into full-time work. Hank feels he has nothing to offer the workforce or his social circles and therefore has begun to disengage. He is no longer applying for jobs and has withdrawn from contact with people outside his immediate family. The strength of this theory is its power of explanation into the relationship between the costs and rewards within a relationship. It helps us to understand that when we give something to a relationship whether that be employment, friendship, marriage, that to maintain that relationship, we expect something in return (Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, this explains his feeling of discouragement, he wants to give but does not feel he has anything to contribute to a work relationship due to his lack of education and decline in physical health this i s also affecting his social network, and family relationship, as he is no longer contributing to the finances. Although this theory is good at explaining relationships on a cost/benefit model, it does not take into account the complexity of relationships and a persons ability to compromise and adapt. It places people in a selfish light willing to give up a relationship if the costs outweigh the benefits. It also doesnt take into account cultural aspects of a relationship and reciprocity of past care or the increased function of older persons assisting the young such as childcare of a grandchild (Poole,2013, Carstensen,1991). Where disengagement theory sees the withdrawal and social isolation of older people as a societal need and of mutual consent, the exchange theory of ageing shows an unequal exchange between older persons and others in society. Disengagement theorists would say the reduction in interaction is fuelled by emotional distancing, whereas exchange looks at the change in dynamics of relationships and interaction (Carstensen,1991). And whilst both theories offer an explanation as to why we decrease in social interaction as we age, both are criticised for their lack of complete empirical data (Carstensen,1991). For Hank, I can see both as factors for his discouragement and disengagement the change in dynamics due to long term job loss has become a trigger for emotional distancing. For a social worker it is important to draw on the knowledge these and other theories gives us in offering a wider understanding of Hanks circumstance, to assist him in moving forward. Challenges and Social Worker Response At 62, Hank hasnt reached what most of us would consider older age, but he is now facing a serious transition point due to the current circumstance of his job loss. Hank is looking ahead at the challenges all Australians face when growing old. Australian society has made significant achievements in the promotion of health and wellbeing of its older citizens. However, our older population still faces many challenges. Some of which include biological and psychological changes general and mental health including dementia care. Other challenges include ageism and social isolation. Ageism can be seen here in discriminatory practices in employment or retrenchment strategies that see people like Hank lose their job or have difficulty in finding new employment (Thompson,2016). Throughout the last century, the Australian government has developed policies, such as those mentioned in previous sections, to enable people to be more self-sufficient in their older years. However, the government fo cus is often on the cost burden of aged care without consideration of protecting human rights, recognising contributions of older Australians and ensuring the needs of social inclusion (Ife,2012, Poole,2013). Although older people may be seen as a burden to society, they actually make substantial contribution. They volunteer an average 4.4hr more a week than working people and are often a valuable source of child-care to their grand-children (Poole,2013). Social work can play an important role in responding to the needs of a client such as Hank by taking a holistic approach to practice. Holistic care means focusing on the whole person, physical, emotional and spiritual, as it relates to their environment. It is taking into consideration a wide range of factors that affect the client (Tanner Harris, 2008). A social worker will consider all aspects involved in their care including, ecological and systems perspectives, legal and ethical matters, plus the biopsychosocial aspects (AASW,2013). The quality of a persons life can be enriched by adding opportunities to thrive under any circumstances. So assisting Hank maintain his independence and to participate to the fullness of his being, is important to his wellbeing and speaks of Hank in terms of his right to dignity and self-fulfilment. As we have seen above,a social worker uses knowledge, theoretical frameworks and models to identifying the best way to approach and discover the clients, strengths, weakness, and opportunities for participation and well-being. It is also important in the case of Hank, to be up-to-date with the latest policies and procedures provided by both State and Federal government. A person-centred approach considers the client as the expert in their own life and able to decide on their own lives path (Tanner Harris, 2008). Thus, encouraging clients within the system to take control and be empowered within their own lives. The effectiveness of this in Hanks case, is it supports the need for collaboration and keeps at the forefront the client and his family, as people with needs and desires, who should always be in control of their own decisions. Social workers also focus on social justice, delving into the inequalities and oppression within society based on such factors as age, gender, class, poverty, race, culture and sexual orientation to become an advocate of change (AASW,2013, Thompson,2016). They can help develop those opportunities through change in policy, social planning and community involvement (Hughes Heycox,2010). This Contributes not only to the individual client, but to the community as a whole. Conclusion With Australias growing older population and the fast-paced technological world of modernisation and globalisation, there are many real cases like Hanks happening every day. It is hoped that any new federal government reforms will assist in helping older Australians maintain active and productive lives, not only for the sake of individual wellbeing but also for the betterment of society. Social workers can have a role to play in policy reform by being strong voice in advocacy for change. Social Workers also have an arsenal of tools to draw upon, to help work collaboratively with the client to assist them in making decisions that have a positive influence on their lives and the lives of those around them. 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Theories of Aging and Social Gerontology: Explaining How Social Factors Influence Well-Being in Later Life. In M Meyer and E Daniele (ed.), Gerontology: Changes, Challenges, and Solutions, vol 1. Social and Life Course Issues, Praeger, California Bengtson, V.L., Burgess, E.O. and Parrott, T.M., 1997. Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(2), pp.S72-S88. Business Council of Australia, 2004, offshoring, global outsourcing and the Australian economy continuing Australias integration in the world economy, viewed 11th March 2017 http://www.bca.com.au/docs/474AB708-A812-41CD-962A-11B684489C0E/ offshoring_global_outsourcing_and_the_australian-economy_continuing_australias_integration_intothe_global_economy_14-7-2004.pdf Carstensen, L.L., 1991. Selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. 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Borman J Hedge (eds), The Oxford handbook of work and aging, Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 13 Mar. 2017, from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195385052-e-017. Lynott, R.J. and Lynott, P.P., 1996. Tracing the course of theoretical development in the sociology of aging. The Gerontologist, 36(6), pp.749-760. Parliament of Australia, 2010, Chronology of superannuation and retirement income in Australia, viewed 15th March 2017, http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/ChronSuperannuation Phillipson, C., 2009. Social welfare, aging, and globalization in a post-industrial society. In J. Hendricks J. Powell (Eds.), The welfare state in post-industrial society, pp. 57-70. Springer, New York. Poole, M., 2013. Ageing, Health, and The Demographic Revolution, in J. 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Legislation Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 Age Discrimination Act 1992 Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908 Treaties International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, (resolution 2200A), entry into force 1976 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, (resolution 217 A), adopted 10 December 1948.

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Astrology Articles Home Article Menu Register to know more Submit Your Article PLANETARY COMBINATIONS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND HIGH JUDICIAL OFFICERS According to Jataka Parijata (VII - 9) : When full moon in the 9th occupies exaltation, own or friendly house; and Mars and Saturn occupy the 2nd and the 10th, a ruler of the earth is born. Further, Jataka Parijata (VII - 44) says : If Saturn and Mars be in the 10th, 5th or 1st house and full Moon be in a sign owned by Jupiter, the person born will be a king. Jupiter Jupiter holds supremacy over all other planets as the preceptor of the gods. He represents the throne, treasure, royal honour, intellect, brilliancy, moving in village, travelling in a vehicle bordered on four sides (Uttarakalamrita, V- 38-41); legal affairs, diplomacy, power of discussion, respect and reputation, guardianship, wisdom, minister also knowledge and dignity. Jupiter is the giver of health, wealth and progeny. His aspect and association are said to be extremely beneficial. All of these qualities of Jupiter have close identity with the status and duties of an administrative officer. He holds high supreme position in the government. He stands strong like other planets in his own, exaltation, friendly house and Moolatrikona Rasi. He assumes power in Pisces, Sagittarius, Cancer, Aquarius and also in his debilitation sign. He is auspicious in the rising sign, in the 4th as well as th 10th from Lagna and gives much wealth. He gets Digbala in Lagna; and thus gets strong, aspecting the 5th, 7th and the 9th with full aspect. He is auspicious in his oblique aspect (Jataka Parijata II - 31). Jupiter's aspect over any planet as a natural benefic is of weighty importance apart from the fact that he may be temporarily ill-placed. The opposition aspect with the Moon is extremely good. Jupiter in conjuction with Mars makes the native loving, revered, wealthy and acquainted with the science of computation (Jataka Parijata VIII - 4). If the combination happens to be in the 10th house, it makes one a judge or magistrate. In relationship with Saturn, both being philosophical planets, Jupiter tends to give philosophical views or an ability for impartial assessment of things. Thus, Jupiter in strength and especially, having to do anything with the 6th or the 11th, promises strong indications for an administrative job under the government. Appendix A IAS Officers Sl.

The Colour Purple - Spirituality & Religion :: essays research papers

Alice Walker states that ‘The Colour Purple’ remains for her the â€Å"theological work examining the journey from the religious back to the spiritual†. How successful is she in revealing her purpose to the reader? In the preface to ‘the Colour Purple’ Walker identifies her religious development as the inspiration for her novel and labels religion and spirituality as the principle themes in the book. There are a number of principle characters who complete this journey however in many instances the religious element of the novel is overshadowed by other prominent themes such as personal development, female relationships and racial issues. These must be taken into consideration when assessing Walker’s success in delivering her theological message to her readers. Religion is an extremely broad term, in the context of ‘The Colour Purple, Walker’s idea of religion is church based Christianity in which God is presented through the bible as a white man. Although the church is placed in a black community, the teachings of the church are derived from the teachings of white people. Celie discovers throughout the novel that she, like Shug, can not find God in this kind of church that is based on patriarchal religion but searches for him elsewhere. Walker’s personal concept of spirituality is pantheism, the idea that God is in all living things within nature including people. Celie learns from Shug and through her own development that God is within her and she benefits far more from her own spirituality than from the structured religion within the community. Celie is not the only character to undergo a change in her religious outlook and complete the journey â€Å"from the religious to the spiritual†. Nettie also is brought up as a devout believer in the Christian church however throughout her time in Africa and with the help of the Olinka people she discovers a new more â€Å"internal† form of religion similar to Celie’s new found spirituality. The journey from the religious back to the spiritual is reflected in the distance between the white missionaries in Britain and America and the African tribes. The missionaries represent the formal ‘white’ church and the Olinka fulfilling the idea of pantheist spirituality. This is a journey Nettie makes physically and spiritually. Shug and Mr.’s views on religion also change during the novel, and as Walker intends, all make this ‘journey’ with â€Å"courage and the help of others†. At the beginning of the book Celie announces her dependence on God by recognising that she can â€Å"tell nobody but God† about the abuse she is receiving from her stepfather.

The Greening of the Computer Industry :: Computers Technology Cyberspace

The Greening of the Computer Industry Through the 1990s, I, like many young women interested in technologies and new media theory, read a lot of cyberfeminist manifestas. I digested their optimistic visions describing a world in which computer technology served as the bridge across the gender divide: the ride into cyberspace would be the ticket out of our gender-defined boxes. Our feminist foremothers certainly made the boxes roomier for us, but those old patriarchal forces still too often held the keys to them. Computers, and particularly the internet, were going to blast the tops off. I could see the dream being usurped as those same old power structures began to crowd cyberspace in the same ways that they dominate physical space. As long as the internet remained a free frontier, however, I figured that at least it provided more options for women. Therefore, no matter how many angry girlfriends I saw fighting with their boys over their addictions to reductive images of women trapped compliantly behind glass, no matter how many on-line corporate ads I saw trying to socialize us into neat and tidy target market groups with one set of superficial male-defined desires and needs†¦I still believed that computers had potential, overall, to serve as a further liberating force for women. My eyes were opened to a wider reality, however, at the Whitney Museum of Contemporary Art. Over the summer of 2003, the Whitney hosted a show called American Effect. In this exhibition, artists from around the world expressed their opinions about the United States. I was particularly unsettled by the work of Chinese artist Danwen Xing. To this show she contributed a series of large photographs documenting electronic waste exported from the United States to Southern China. The towns were, in fact, nothing but landfills of e-waste. I was appalled at what I saw: the result of 225 tons of e-waste being exported from the U.S. each week. As a digital artist who is concerned about the environment, I started looking into the issue more deeply. I found that both the production of silicon chips for computers AND the casual and irresponsible e-waste disposal methods of America are serious international public health issues. These hazards primarily affect women and children because they comprise the majority of chip producers and waste pickers. The problem is growing rapidly in the Third World because of the "liberalization" of international trade treaties that benefit transnational capitalism.

Montessori, Reggio, High/Scope

Montessori, Reggio Emilia and High /Scope are approaches used in early childhood education. They are some of the best approaches known so far. The learners needs are properly considered, and environmental awareness is emphasized. Independence of the child is also put into consideration. A child’s independence is nurtured, and is allowed to work as a researcher. In these approaches the teachers become facilitators, partnerand co-learners (Curtis &Ohagan, 2001).Montessori is an approach in early childhood education, which was started by Dr.Maria Montessori in 1900s. She was an Italian physician and educator. It is an approach whose methods are both of educational as well as methodology philosophy. It involves schools which are preschools or elementary schools in level. It begins with infants and ends at 12th grade. It also lays emphasis on child’s independence and child’s initiative. Two trained teachers are assigned each classroom (Abbot & Maylett, 1999).In Reggio Emilia it refers to the education based on relationships. It was started in 1963 in Reggio Emilia, Italy. One of its educational philosophies is from which a kid derives guidance as well as inspiration in choosing learning materials and toys. It was first started by people who decided to build their children’s future after or in the past World War II, by selling the old army tanks and used the money to build pre schools. It is an approach which puts children first and the environment should beautifully designed, inspiring and peaceful. It  Ã‚   tries to act as a teacher in its self to children and family (Morgan, 1999).The philosophy of this Reggio Emilia focuses on the child as a leader. The pioneers of this approach tried as much as possible to put themselves in the shoes of the children. It lays a strong emphasis on children’s documentation as well as analysis of the children, as well as their conversation with friends, schoolmates and teachers.High/ scope approa ch was started in United States in 1960s. It is a method of early childhood education which is about running of nursery schools or kindergarten. It is common in U.S and other countries. In this approach children are involved actively in their own learning. The teachers in this case see themselves as partners or facilitators than supervisors or managers. It is an approach which involves water play, sand play, writing, reading, role play e.t.c.   Normally children play in small groupsOne of the attributes which I identify is that of laying an emphasis on the child’s independence. Another one is that of involving or taking a child as a researcher. I believe those two attributes would be useful for me to incorporate in my teachings and learning contexts. In Montessori they lay emphasis on a child’s independence. In Reggio Emilia they take a child as a researcher (Morgan, 1999).In my classroom situation, I expect to let the children experiment for themselves, explore and reason out just as researchers do. On the side of the independence, I expect the children to work independently without any interference what so ever (Moon, Ben-peretz &Brown, 2000).Independence as an attribute will in the first place help the growing child to grow up into a responsible adult or person. A child becomes someone who easily works on his own, someone who knows what is expected of him or her. Such children through this attribute they grow up to know what is always expected of them. They in most cases become loving, responsive and responsible people. The environment becomes somewhere where the children cannot get lost since they have learnt to be independent all along. The teacher in this case becomes a facilitator into responsible parenthood (Morgan, 1999).As an independent person, the child becomes a person of virtues. Someone who loves peace, does not associate with violence, someone with a reconstructive mind and natural intelligence. The child remains at peace with n ature and God or rather spiritual matters. The child tends to have freedom of choice. In this case children become social beings as well as people who develop rationality in problem solving. They become co-operative in social relations, they become imaginative and lovers of beauty or aesthetic value. And they tend to have cultural knowledge which is complex.A child becomes an explorer. There is a lot that exploration has done to humanity; as such the children in this case develop into useful beings to who help in the exploration of this vast and natural world. The child becomes curious, intelligent and full of wonder. A child who grows to know better child and deserves a better place on this planet. Each child becomes very useful member when they grow up in exploring and investigating. In this case the teacher only nurtures, becomes a partner and a guide to a child,. As such children tend to have ready solutions to problems even of their own making (Abbot &Maylett, 1999).Another mos t important thing that a child acquires while being independent is self direction. The children also tend to get confidence and inner discipline. As such the children become able to function normally and live harmoniously with every one as well as their natural environment (Morgan, 1999).The second attribute when the learner is taken as a researcher, it remains important because here the learner becomes a thinker. The learning tends to be a continuous thinking. The children tend to question anything they see; they hypothesize solutions, they predict outcomes, they experiment and reason over their own discoveries, as a result they expand their own thinkingThese children who become thinkers, this becomes a strong and firm foundation for them to become philosophers like Socrates. The importance of philosophy in mankind is widely known and accepted; as such this becomes a very important beginning for them. The child tends to have strength, potential and competence. The child also throug h this attribute tends to make a lot of sense of the world around him.This attribute also gives a child a room to become a better and reliable scientist in future. Today’s world is a world of science, science has done a lot that is beyond just mere talking, science rules the world, and so the children who pass through this attribute of Reggio Emilia will become very useful members in our society; and through the physical interaction with the environment, together with the mental interaction they manage to construct knowledge. Knowledge construction can not come easily to child unless he knows how to experiment and hypothesize (Morgan, 1999).And through this attribute a child does not only become curious, creative, competent, powerful and of full potential, he also manages to realize his rights as well as other opportunities, which way be available. As such the instructor becomes a collaborator as well as a co- learner.This attributes I recommend it for all children who have a ttained the school going age. It is very useful attribute and it can really do wonders for a young child. When the child grows up and is mature enough to know and understand the world around him he can do a lot both for himself and humanity as a whole.As an attribute that make children think it not only helps them to become philosophers but helps them in their everyday life; philosophers are lovers of knowledge and so the children tend to become also lovers of knowledge and people who promote reaching culture (Curtis &Ohagan, 2001)Another very important part of Reggio Emilia approach, especially this attribute where the leaner is taken as a researcher is one area of creativity. This attributes makes the children to be highly creative in their learning. It is very possible because teachers play a very important role of being an endless source of provocations as well as possibilities as such the learners see solutions to their   problems and also their curiosity and awareness widen. The teachers also tend to provide related experiences as well as materials, which the children use in learning, and so this kind of learning does not become an ordinary kind of learning. In this attribute, the children’s emotional needs are also put into consideration.It is therefore a better attribute in a flexible approach. The learner receives from the world so much that his presence is noticed and that he feels respected and valued. And the classroom atmosphere of joy as well as playfulness prevails in this attributes. A strong link is formed between teachers and the learners through time consciousness; about three hours are allocated for learners to be with their teachers throughout. Through this the children learn at an early stage in life how to mange their time properly. They develop early some sense for time management (Moon, Ben-peretz & Brown, 2000)As they also incorporate their memories actively in learning the learner gains a lot by reaching his full potential i n a way which could not be thought possible. The child becomes aware of himself as a whole person. An individual able to achieve, do things, reason out and participate actively in any activity given by all teachers is someone with a direction, as such the leaner becomes in a way fully in control of his own destiny (Abbot &Maylett, 1999).Both of these attributes, the one of independence and taking a child as a researcher, have an excellent philosophy of idealism. There may be no perfect beings but some people are more â€Å"perfect† than others, and so the degree of perfection that any learner attains though these attributes far surpasses many other attributes in other approaches which are known already.In these two attributes the leaner realizes very strongly about the kind of knowledge which is does not come from ones senses. They experience it, and learn it in a better way though these two attributes and so they are the two best for our children who learn through Montessori approach and Reggio Emilia approach.In Montessori, there is a strong emphasis on the school environment, and so is in this best attribute of independence which I have selected, in this case This system does not deduce that a child already knows everything. It believes, in teaching and letting the leaner know what he does not know. And so the student grows knowing that these are other things to learn or know. The case is the same with the Reggio Emilia approach the two systems consider the learner as the most important person and so everything that is to be taught must also be important and useful to the learner even after school.In both of these systems the teachers sweat and struggle to see into it that the learner becomes a better person in as much as possible, and so it should not matter to parents whether these systems are expensive or not. The parents should know that they pay for what is worth being paid for. (Morgan, 1999)The two systems are obviously quite outstanding in th eir attributes and so they deserve to be emulated by all. They display some unique understandings and for sure I recommend them for any parent. Under the two approaches there is just a lot that has been taken care of. If there is any known safety of the lives of our young ones, then it is in the two attributes of Montessori and Reggio Emillia, which are discussed in this report (Morgan, 1999).If only we can all assume that our children do not know everything, then we shall always have something to teach them. Just as the two systems assume and they are the best after comparing them with others.References Abbott, L and Maylett, H (1999); Early Education Transformed; Former press. LondonCurtis, A and Ohagan, M 🙠 2001) Came and Education in Early Childhood: A Student Guide to Theory and practice. Rountledge Falmer. London and New YorkMoon, B, Ben – peretz, M and Brown, S 🙠 2000): Routledge inert national Companion to Education. London and New York.Morgan (1999); The Imagination of Early Childhood Education Bargin & Garvey; Westport London.

Customer Service in Leisure and Recreation Essay

The Importance of Customer Service Increased sales are one of the key ways to tell how well the company is doing. Excellent customer service means customers will buy more and recommend more products and services other people, which will add to the increase in sales. While sales are very important to leisure and recreation organisations, another way to measure the success is in terms of customer numbers, which is particularly true for non-profit making organisations. Customer service plays a major role in attracting new customers and the main source of this is the powerful influence of word of mouth. Existing customers who are impressed by the customer service at an organisation will tell other people about it. This means that an organisation keeps its existing customers as well as gaining new ones. An effective customer service policy is that customers will view the organisation in a positive way. This means the image of the organisation will be enhanced by the standard of customer service. Having a good public image is very important for: * Attracting new customers * Retaining existing customers * Reinforcing customer satisfaction * Securing repeat business * Gaining an edge over the competition An organisations public image is the mental picture that we have of the organisation. This can be based on our own experience, what others have told us about it or on what the organisation itself has told us about via its marketing activities such as advertising and public relations. Read more:Â  Recreational Activity Example Television programmes such as Watchdog also help us for an image in our heads, especially when they start reporting viewer’s complaints. This could have a very bad effect on the organisation. Good customer service can also enhance the image of an organisations individual products or services. For example, customers may have a positive image of a sports centre, but also have a positive image of the individual products and services such as the reservations system and changing facilities. Good customer service gives an organisation a competitive advantage. If you sell a similar product or service, you gain an edge by offering a better quality service and this gives a greater chance of attracting customers. A pleasant working environment is another benefit of good customer service. If customers receive good customer service, they will respond in a friendly and appreciative manner. Customer satisfaction is extremely important in a business and this means the organisation must meet the needs and expectations of the customers. Customer loyalty is very important in a business and good customer service helps reinforce customers loyalty to the organisation with every visit they make. If customers are loyal, they are likely to return and these people are known as repeat customers. This means the customers of the past become the customers of the future. If an organisation has poor customer service, they will suffer from: * Decreased sales * Fewer customers * A poor public image * An absence of competitive edge * An unhappy and less efficient workforce * Dissatisfied customers * Lack of customer loyalty and repeat business Personal Presentation The first impression the customer gets of personal presentation is very important as it is one they will never forget. It directly influences customers’ satisfaction and the image they have of the organisation. Personal presentation includes appearance, personal hygiene, personality and attitude. Appearance covers everything from clothes and footwear, to hair, make-up and jewellery. The reasons for providing staff with a uniform are: * It helps create a positive first impression * Staff are recognised instantly as working for a specific organisation * It is easy to identify a member of staff when a customer needs advice or assistance * It can indicate the department in which a member of staff works * It helps to create a professional corporate image A lot of organisations now provide their employees with a uniform. Organisations rely on their employees judgement for deciding what is and is not acceptable in terms of appearance. Some organisations set ground rules and to a large extent, this reflects the nature of the organisation and the type of customer it serves. For example, a five star hotel will be very strict with the dress code of the employees who work at the front-of-house. They will be required to wear a uniform and it may also include rules on footwear, hairstyling and make-up. The most important point is to make sure that dress and general appearance suit the job, the organisation and the customer’s expectations. On the other hand, the organisation should make sure that the uniform is comfortable, easy to maintain and look appropriate for staff of all builds. Anyone serving customers should have excellent standards of personal hygiene. Different types of organisations will have different standards of personal hygiene, for example, anyone who works in the food industry will be expected to wash their hands at least a dozen times a day. First impressions also come from the employees own personality. Again, different jobs require different personalities. A children’s sport coach will require a different personality to a personal fitness instructor because they are working with different types of people. From the personality of the employee, people can tell a lot about the organisation itself. The employee’s attitude towards the customer is critical. The customers feel that they want as much attention as possible when they go into a workplace and if an employees attitude is poor, they may feel neglected and not wanted. Types of Customers Customers have different needs depending on who they are and the circumstances. There is a difference between internal and external customers. Internal customers are members of staff or outside suppliers who contribute towards the service provided for the external customers. External customers are the people who actually buy or use the organisation’s products and services. External customers are then categorised into individual, group, age, culture, language spoken and specific needs. Many leisure and recreation providers serve groups and the individuals who compromise them in ways that enhance and promote customer service. Customer age groups are classified as children and adults. Although the companies feel the age of the customers is important, they also feel it is important not to make assumptions about customers’ needs based solely on age. Cultural background influences people’s traditions, tastes, preferences and opinions and it will therefore influence the type of service they need and expect. It is also important not to make assumptions on the culture of the customer. Foreign visitors are an increasingly important part of the UK tourism market. People still want to feel that they can be dealt with even though there is a language barrier. Large organisations often employ multi-lingual staff to communicate with non-English speaking customers. Some customers have specific needs that may require special customer service in addition to that provided to meet the general needs of everybody. These include sensory disabilities, mobility problems, literacy, dietary requirements and people with young children. Dealing with Customers Almost everyone working in the leisure and recreation industry has to deal with customers, whether be face-to-face, on the phone or in writing. Face-to-face communication has many advantages but only the staff use it well. For example, your presentation can help create a positive image. You can also use facial expressions and gestures to help communicate more effectively. Telephone communication is used in most leisure centres and it provides an essential part of customer service. Some organisations even use the telephone as the main method of dealing with the customers. For some organisations, written communication is the main way of keeping in touch with customers. Menus, tariffs or price lists and letters are all forms of written communication, along with bills, advertisements, notice boards, tickets, e-mails and timetables. Non-verbal communication comprises all forms of communication that are spoken or written down. 80% of communication is non-verbal, so it is clearly very important in customer service. Body language is the main form of non-verbal communication and people can tell how interested the staff are just by looking at them. Selling Skills Selling skills are an important part of customer service. Every time somebody asks for help, advice or information, it is probably a selling situation. As a member of staff, you should be helping customers a lot and to be able to do this effectively, you should have good knowledge of the products and services you are trying to sell. Customers can only buy products and services from an organisation if they know they exist, therefore raising customer awareness is a key part of selling skills Establishing rapport with the customer means encouraging a conservation in which the staff and the customer are both communicating on the same level. Within this category, you must also make the customer feel they have your undivided attention without being too over the top. The easiest way for staff to identify the customer’s needs is to ask if they need any help. From the reply, the staff will be able to decide what further questions to ask to identify the customer’s specific needs. Presenting the product or service to the customer in an appropriate way is important. For example, is someone wants to buy something but cannot afford it, then the staff should suggest something of a similar range but at a less expensive price. Closing the sale means actually getting the customer to buy the product or service you are offering. Some people may wish to go away and think about the offer that has just been made and in this case, it is probably a good idea to reserve the product or service. Taking a customers payment is also included in closing a sale. This should be done cheerfully, politely, friendly and gratefully to make the customer feel that they have made the correct choice by buying this product or service from this store or centre. Customer service does not end when the customer hands over their money. This is known as after-sales service and sometimes this will be immediate such as asking the customer of they have enjoyed their visit. Sometimes, if people subscribe to a gym for a year, they may need help in using the service after a couple of months. This is where after-sale service comes in useful. A technique known as AIDA is used in the design of advertising and promotional material and when considering effective selling skills. A stands for attention, I stands for interest, D stands for desire and A stands for action. If you use this technique, it will result in the customer desiring the product and therefore taking action by buying it.