A View from the Bridge Essay Example

A View from the Bridge Essay Example A View from the Bridge Paper A View from the Bridge Paper A View from the Bridge contains many references to manliness, aggression and hostility which link together and intertwine to add another dimension to the plot. The feelings themselves, and indeed their roots are not always easy to see as they are often hidden in the complexity of the subplot. It is the combination of these three feelings which make A View from the Bridge what it is, without them, it would be very dry, and a lot of the events would not have taken place. The entire play is in fact, based around these feelings, and Eddies very particular definition of manliness, brings the other two into the plot whenever Rodolpho fails to meet this criteria. Thus, we are led to the realisation of the link between the three and the importance of these feelings as Marco turns on Eddie toward the end of the play due to his hostility and aggression toward Rodolpho. A chief cause of the aforementioned feelings throughout the play is indeed Eddies unstable character. Eddie is a man who vents his anger on others, in some ways, he feels deprived of love, his relationship with Beatrice, for example, is not a good one and Eddie constantly laments over the relationship between his niece, Catherine and her lover, Rodolpho. Before Rodolpho came to stay with them, Eddie and Catherine enjoyed a very close relationship, this is made apparent through the stage directions, which frequently let us in on the way that they acted together, physically. Catherine, taking his arm, and walking him to the armchair. Both of these instances, portray a rather touchy sense between the both of them. It can also be argued that Eddie likes Catherine as more than a niece, this is hinted at, but never confirmed until later on when his feelings are more developed and apparent. The feelings of manliness, hostility and aggression draw root from this relationship and thus we can see their importance to the plot as a whole. Originally the play was written in verse and some of this can still be seen in Alfieris monologues. Though now this follows the structure of a Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy means the downfall of a great person gained by one particular aspect of their own personality which makes their doom inevitable. Most tragic heroes have one particular fault in their personality, in this case though it is too much love for another/wrong person. The first of my two sections takes place just after the first Eddie and Alfieri conversation. Within that conversation Eddie shows is anxiety about Catherine being taken away by Rodolfo, a young illegal immigrant from Italy who is staying at Eddies house. This is due to them going out on the town just before the conversation happens, and Eddie finds out that Catherine likes Rodolfo after questioning her. At the start of the section Catherine is acting as if she is trying to impress Eddie by boasting about where they have gone, they went to Africa once. On a fishing boat. (Eddie glances at her.) Its true Eddie. Though when Eddie replies she quickly dismisses her sly remark of not going anywhere. This could be seen as Eddie not approving of her trying to convince him about Rodolfo by bragging to him. Then throughout they talk about their fishing times, with Beatrice and Catherine trying to act impressed by the places theyve been and seen. The way Beatrice acts, like about the sardines for example show how poor and uncultured the area and that time were. The first bit of noticeable tension is shown when Eddie says he heard the oranges were painted orange, as they grew green, and Marco answers No, in Italy the oranges are orange this answer seems to have a personal feel to it, as he says Italys oranges are orange not oranges on a basis. Then as Rodolfo points out lemons are green, Eddie fires back resenting he ever said it, though he acts very sharply as he has an outburst at the fact Rodolfo said lemons were green. This shows that when Rodolfo tries to point out a fact and mistake Eddie, Eddie then takes Rodolfos comment seriously and almost personally as it is as if hes stupid, though he never reacted to Marcos snide comment about the oranges being orange. This shows that Eddie respects Marco as he hasnt done anything wrong in his eyes while Rodolfo, hence the reaction. Again after Marco and Beatrice talk about Marcos wife in Italy, Eddie makes a snide remark about Marcos wife having a few extra kids while Marco is away. Marco then says it isnt so free in their town. Then Eddie replies saying that it aint that free here either then directly comparing it to Catherines and Rodolfos night out. Even though Rodolfo says he always has respect, Eddie says that they would never drag a girl off without permission in their town, and says to Marco, expecting support, though Marco answers cautiously with a yes. In the scene This first part of Eddies rant shows how easily Eddie turns on Rodolfo and how he needs permission to take Catherine out. this is like peripeteia where in a greek tragedy which means, the moment of change. When he is looking for support of Marco, it is as if when Marco answers something ticks in his head that Eddie didnt approve of a very normal thing. Then as Eddie says that Catherine has never been out that late, Beatrice does all she can and answers back to Eddie, who hides his infuriating anger and takes a personal note saying that Rodolfo could be to blame if he goes out all the time and they get found open. This also has a personal affect and I think that Marco catches onto, as he says I beg your pardon, Eddie this shows that he is shocked to hear what he has just said. The rant dies down as Catherine asks Rodolfo to dance, then after a little talk between Marco and Beatrice about the boats, Marco says that Rodolfo is a very good cook. Eddie quickly picks up on this and says sarcastically that its wonderful that he can sing, cook and that he could make dresses, this implies that Eddie gives perception that Rodolfo has a camp side to him. After having another rant, trying to hint but not directly saying that Rodolfo is homosexual, by taking about singing, cooking and making dresses for a living, which in them days was classed as a feminine thing. Then all of a sudden he asks Marco if he wants to go to see a boxing match, and if hes ever seen a real fight, this makes Marco very uneasy, Eddie then asks if hes ever fought before then asks Rodolfo if he has, who also says no. Unexpectedly he asks is Rodolfo wants a spar, this causes a lot of tension as the group dont want it to escalate to something big, they spar and after a few laughs and when Catherine walks in Eddie asks if he can hit him, this is after Rodolfo has had a few shots at Eddie. Then Eddie lands a right after a feint which makes Rodolfo mildly stagger. This makes Marco rise in caution, this is when I think Marco catches on to the fact Eddie meant to hurt him, and that Eddie has a problem with his brother. Eddie rubs his fist which is a sign that he is happy with what he did to Rodolfo, so it seems he chose boxing as a way to get a cheap shot and maybe a warning towards Rodolfo. This is not the same with Rodolfo who after saying he is fine, looks at Eddie with a gl eam and a smile which shows that he is oblivious to Eddies hatred. Then after Rodolfo got back up and started dancing also at the end of the section. This shows a high contrast to the boxing spar that happened moments ago which changes from hatred to love and affection. Marco places a chair in front of Eddie, then as Eddie cannot lift it in one hand, Marco does standing face to face with Eddie with it above his head, like a weapon over Eddies head, this shows that Macro is suggesting that if you mess with my brother you mess with me, therefore the tension quickly changes from Eddie at Rodolfo, to Marco at Eddie. The stage direction shows this very clearly, Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head and he transforms what might appear like a glare of warning into of triumph and Eddies grin vanishes as he absorbs his look. The second section takes place after a heated argument between Eddie, Catherine and Rodolfo. Eddie comes in drunkand as he sees Catherine exit the bedroom gives the deception that the had sexual intercourse, or maybe that Catherine wanted Eddie to think that to make him angry or see how he reacted. He reacts horribly to the pair saying that Rodolfo is selfish and tries to make out he is wrong for using Catherine just to become legal even though he actually cares for her. Then he has another heated conversation with Alfieri trying to convince him about Rodolfo, which shows even he is uncertain or desperate, and when he shows that he might consider ringing the bureau, Alfieri tells him the consequences. The tension in the house is already at a high but with what Eddie is about to do rips the family apart. The scene starts with Eddie in a telephone box which is alone in the dark with nothing around it, this shows that maybe this will be like Eddies future. He rings the immigration bureau and gives all the information except his name. After when he gets home he finds out Beatrice has moved Marco and Rodolfo upstairs, this is probably due to the argument between Rodolfo, Catherine and Eddie. Tensions rise when this happens as Eddie wants his respect even after theyve been moved out. Then as you go through you find out that he cant get an erection and that is what he means by pride, though Eddie might also feel that he isnt important anymore as Catherine has found someone else to care for her. The tension grows as Eddie and Beatrice have a heated argument with Beatrice finally saying that Catherine is going to get married to Rodolfo that Saturday, this makes Eddie infuriated at the fact that she has not listened to him and he does all he can to try and persuade her even by saying she can go out, but that doesnt work. Eddie then soon realises they are staying with other boarders and then worries as he may get the taken in as well, so he says what if they are monitored and get Marco and Rodolfo taken away as well, this shows that Eddie is willing to lie to save himself if something goes wrong. The tension rises as Eddie tries to get Catherine to move them because of this but it is too late as there is a knock on the door. The pinnacle of tension occurs, with Catherine in horror as she realises what Eddie has done, she then shrieks and runs to get Marco and Eddie. With the immigration officers, searching round and Eddie trying to act innocent, but Beatrice is distraught at what hes done. The offices eventually find them with Beatrice and Catherine trying to get the offices to let them go, but it doesnt work. Then as they get to the doorway Marco breaks free and face to face with Eddie, spits in his face. The tension grows to an all time high; Eddie is furious with what Marco is done and tries to act all innocent. Though as they get to the car in the street Marco frees himself again and shouts Pointing at Eddie that one! I accuse that one! Then as he is taken off he shouts and points at Eddie again, That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children! M arco is gone. The tension increases as Eddie is left with the whole crown turned to him. All his friends are disgusted with him, and Eddie is left to say that hell kill Marco if he doesnt take what he said back, again in denial that he was wrong to do what he did. This part of the play seems to happen very quickly and gives the atmosphere of panic towards it. Overall Arthur Miller creates an atmosphere based on the stage actions and what is said, mainly by Eddie, and how certain people react to it. Also the way people talk in the play makes the dramatic suspense greater as it gives you a feel of a real life reaction.

Human Rights Violations in North Korea

Human Rights Violations in North Korea After World War II, Japanese-occupied Korea was divided in two: North Korea, a newly Communist government under the supervision of the Soviet Union, and South Korea, under the supervision of the United States. The North Korean Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) was granted independence in 1948  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and is now one of the few remaining Communist nations. The population of North Korea is approximately 25 million, with an estimated annual per capita income of about US$1,800. The State of Human Rights in North Korea North Korea is in all likelihood the most oppressive regime on Earth. Although human rights monitors are generally banned from the country, as are radio communications between citizens and outsiders, some journalists and human rights monitors have been successful in uncovering details about the secretive governments policies. The government is essentially a dictatorshippreviously operated by Kim Il-sung, then by his son Kim Jong-il, and now by his grandson Kim Jong-un. The Cult of the Supreme Leader Although North Korea is generally described as a Communist government, it could also be characterized as a theocracy. The North Korean government operates 450,000 Revolutionary Research Centers for weekly indoctrination sessions, where attendees are taught that Kim Jong-il was a deity figure whose story began with a miraculous birth atop a legendary Korean mountain (Jong-il was actually born in the former Soviet Union). Kim Jong-un, now known (as his father and grandfather once were) as Dear Leader, is similarly described in these Revolutionary Research Centers as a supreme moral entity with supernatural powers. Loyalty Groups The North Korean government divides its citizens into three castes based on their perceived loyalty to Dear Leader: core (haeksim kyechung), wavering (tongyo kyechung), and hostile (joktae kyechung). Most of the wealth is concentrated among the core, while the hostilea category that includes all members of minority faiths, as well as descendants of perceived enemies of the stateare denied employment and subject to starvation. Enforcing Patriotism The North Korean government enforces loyalty and obedience through its Ministry of Peoples Security, which requires citizens to spy on each another, including family members. Anyone who is overheard saying anything perceived as critical to the government is subject to a reduced loyalty group rating, torture, execution, or imprisonment in one of North Koreas ten brutal concentration camps. Controlling the Flow of Information All radio and television stations, newspapers and magazines, and church sermons are government-controlled and focus on praise of the Dear Leader. Anyone who makes contact with foreigners in any way, or listens to foreign radio stations (some of which are accessible in North Korea), is in danger of any of the penalties described above. Traveling outside of North Korea is also forbidden, and can carry a penalty of death. A Military State Despite its small population and dismal budget, the North Korean government is heavily militarizedclaiming to have an army of 1.3 million soldiers (the fifth-largest in the world), and a thriving military research program that includes the development of nuclear weapons and long-range missiles. North Korea also maintains rows of massive artillery batteries on the North-South Korea border, designed to inflict heavy casualties on Seoul in the event of international conflict. Mass Famine and Global Blackmail During the 1990s, as many as 3.5 million North Koreans died of starvation. Sanctions are not imposed on North Korea primarily because they would block grain donations, resulting in the deaths of millions more, a possibility that does not appear to concern the Dear Leader. Malnutrition is almost universal except among the ruling class; the average North Korean 7-year-old is eight inches shorter than the average South Korean child of the same age. No Rule of Law The North Korean government maintains ten concentration camps, with a total of between 200,000 and 250,000 prisoners contained therein. Conditions in the camps are terrible, and the annual casualty rate has been estimated as high as 25%. The North Korean government has no due process system, imprisoning, torturing, and executing prisoners at will. Public executions, in particular, are a common sight in North Korea. Prognosis: By most accounts, the North Korean human rights situation cannot presently be solved by international action. The U.N. Human Rights Committee has condemned the North Korean human rights record on three different occasions in recent years, to no avail. Strict sanctions are of limited usefulness because the North Korean government has already demonstrated that it is willing to allow millions of its citizens to starve.Military action is not feasible, primarily because the artillery batteries maintained by the North Korean government along the demilitarized zone could literally result in millions of South Korean casualties. North Korean leaders have promised an annihilating strike in the event of U.S. invasion.North Korea maintains a stockpile of chemical weapons, and may also possess biological weapons.North Korea has augmented this threat with nuclear weapons development.North Korean missiles delivering chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions can reach South Korea, can almost certainly reach Japan, and are presently being tested for potential launch against the U.S. west coast.The North Korean government regularly breaks treaties, reducing the value of diplomacy as a human rights strategy. The best hope for North Korean human rights progress is internaland this is not a futile hope. Many North Korean citizens have gained access to foreign media and foreign radio stations, giving them​ a  reason to question national propaganda.Some North Korean citizens are even distributing revolutionary literature with apparent impunityas the governments loyalty enforcement system, fearsome though it is, is too bloated to function efficiently.The death of Kim Jong-il in 2012 has introduced a new generation of leadership, which may respond to international pressure in a more practical way.

The Side Effects of Cancer Treatment Drugs Assignment

The Side Effects of Cancer Treatment Drugs - Assignment Example If the child is worried about her appearance, the parents can advise her to try different styles of hair and makeup. She can wear wigs, use scarves or even come up with a cool bald-shaven look. Additionally, to maintain the quality of the remaining hair, she should use gentle hair products and use gentle brushes when combing. Dyes and hair-straighteners should be avoided as they only lead to more hair loss. She should also desist from constantly massaging her head as this can aid in hair loss. When sleeping, she should wear a soft night cap to prevent waking up with hair all over the bed which can lead to further emotional distress. Above all, the child should be informed that the situation will get better with time as she adapts to the treatment. Antineoplastic drugs or chemotherapy agents have several side effects on patients some of which are severe and life-threatening. If a patient is quiet and listless, it may be due to general fatigue or anemia caused by the drugs as they inhibit the growth of new white and red blood cells. Additionally, this may be due to a condition is known as peripheral neuropathy which makes it difficult to walk/balance and pick things up. The patient can be encouraged to engage in fun activities and also take some energy drinks to improve his/her mood. The most common adverse side effects of Antineoplastic drugs include; Anemia and Fatigue Nerve problems Reproductive side effects such as irregular periods, hot flashes and decrease in sexual interests. Peripheral edema Hair Loss

Letter for the editor of Wall Street Journal Essay

Letter for the editor of Wall Street Journal - Essay Example economy did not fall, but reflected 0.0 percent in growth in the first quarter. Other firms, especially JP Morgan agree that the economy fell by a minor 0.2 percent rate, raising questions concerning the validity of quarterly estimates (Mitchell). As it is the case with all reports about the economy, the government announces employment, retail sales, and GDP estimates early, whose data is incomplete. When other data is introduced, the government should adopt the revised values. For GDP, the government should present first estimates then make two revisions for every quarter. The first GDP reading presented for the first three months of 2015 indicated a growth of 0.2 percent. The second reading indicated -0.7 percent growth. This is because it emphasized on data that incorporated a rise in trade deficit, which prevailed at the end of first quarter (Mitchell). Thus, based on these projections, I propose that the first quarter is not horrifying as economists anticipated. This is because the economy is showing signs of growth, particularly because of the growing income, which is fostering consumer spending in diverse industries across the country. Mitchell, Josh. Reports of the U.S. Economy’s Contraction Have Been Greatly Exaggerated. Wall Street Journal. 11 Jun. 2015, web. 12 Jun. 2015.

U A Fanthorpe writes powerfully about those who are most disempowered Essay Example for Free

U A Fanthorpe writes powerfully about those who are most disempowered Essay I think U A Fanthorpe does write powerfully about people who she thinks are disempowered. She does this very subtly and cleverly. She always looks at things in two perspectives one is from a dominating person and the other from a weak person who she supports. She, like Shakespeare uses various techniques to convey sympathy towards the weak people and her ideas to the reader. She uses very emotive and powerful language. I dont think that powerful writing just means strong language or words; the structure of the poem and the things she compares to could also reflect powerful writing. I think if people have confidence in themselves and who know what is right, would empower them. I think she is sympathetic towards the disempowered people. Writing about them shows this. In every poem she writes she uses italics to introduce new voices or characters. In Old Man, Old Man the old man is the disempowered person and the narrator is powerful. This is poem is based on the theme of old age, he left for himself when he saw better. In the beginning the old man was in control of everything, didnt need help but by the end he lost control and he felt helpless. and small things distress: Ive lost the hammer. It was also hinted that he was stubborn, disobedient and also had a short temper.no power to arouse your surliness. There are a lot of techniques used by Fanthorpe to reveal what she thought about the old man. Fanthorpe uses alliteration to give the sentence a bit more meaning and punch, garage and garden these harsh consonant sounds give it a bit more emphasis to it. She also makes use of imperatives let me find your hammer. Let me walk with you to drury lane. I am only a cloud; the last stanza is a good example. In You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly the interviewer is the powerful person and the interviewee is the disempowered one. This is based on a theme of middle age. At the beginning the interviewee has a bit a confidence but by the end of the poem he has lost it completely and he/she never gets a chance to speak. In this poem the vocabulary used is quite sophisticated, words like adequate are used instead of suitable; perpetuate is used instead of continue etc. Fanthorpe ridicules the interviewer and she exaggerates the characters villainous voice. Rhetorical questions are used to quite some affect, most of the stanzas end in these questions personally have to offer?; to defend their relevance; Would you say; And you were born-?. Alliteration is also used, Domestic disasters shimmer. I think that the interviewer is very sarcastic and insulting. In Half Past Two there are three characters so its hard to decide whos the powerful and whos the disempowered. I think that the narrator is the powerful one as she is very dominating and the child is the disempowered one as he is confused about the mature and adult world he has been put into suddenly. The vocabulary used is very casual and child like. The words like timeformykisstime, onceupona, gettinguptime, and tvtime are often used by young children and this shows that the child has a daily routine, when changed from it the child gets scared and needs support. There is a lot of repetition, capitals and alliteration used; the word time itself is repeated 19 times in the whole poem. Alliteration is used to show that the child cant tell time of a clock, he couldnt click its language. Capitals are used to emphasise the words. The poems themselves have one significant thing in common; there is always an authority person and a disempowered person. In most of her poems there is always an atmosphere of war, good and evil. Fanthorpe uses narrative technique very cleverly; this is particularly effective, as this does not completely reveal the identity of the narrator. This technique can create an atmosphere of tension and suspense. This creates sympathy for the disempowered from the reader. By using this technique, I am only a cloud, somehow the readers feel much more involved with the poem because it was written in first person. The readers can imagine the situation better and sympathise with the disempowered as if it was the readers who are the disempowered. She ridicules the authoritive figure by making their characters villain like and making them look as if they are the worst people on earth. Some of Fanthorpes writings are based on real life events, which contribute to their cultural, historical and social contexted writings. The setting of Old Man, Old Man in London proves this. You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly is an everyday stereotypical interview, which could happen anywhere. Half past two and Old man, old man have a similar structure and form but in comparison to You will be hearing from us shortly there is a stark contrast, it is written in a conversational manner. This adds to the meaning that its an interview and there are two people speaking and there is no narrator. If you look at Dear Mr Lee another one of Fanthorpes poems, it is more like a long story or essay than a poem divided into stanzas that is quite different to any of her other poems. She tries to vary her style of writing a bit from poem to poem. Most of the language she uses is informal but some of her vocabulary is sophisticated because she wanted to vary her style of writing and she also tries to keep the same theme of a dominating person and a weak person. She tries to paint the setting of her poem in the readers mind with the style of her writing. She also uses rhyming couplets in her poems. Her ability to do is excellent. I also think that these poems were written for pure enjoyment of reading and not taking it apart and look closely at each and every word, then comment on it. The poem You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly can be looked at in two different views. The first is already mentioned above and then the second way of looking at it is the comic way. Maybe it wasnt meant to be real but just a pure fantasy where as Half-Past Two was meant to be real as all of the children would go through that stage when they are young. The ideas shown in the poems are quite different but in saying that they always have a good person and a bad person and the idea of them two always being at war. I think that U A Fanthorpe has successfully achieved her goal of creating sympathy to the disempowered people. After studying about her and her poems I have learned that powerful writing can be anything from structure of the poem to the vocabulary used, it does not necessarily mean strong language or words. I agree with some of her views but not all of them, I agree particularly with Half Past Twos views as I have been through that stage and know the feeling.

Character Analysis of Hedda from Henrik Ibesens Hedda Gabler Essay

Character Analysis of Hedda from Henrik Ibesen's Hedda Gabler Henrik Ibsen's play Hedda Gabler portrays the life of a young newlywed woman named Hedda and her attemps to overpower the people around her. Ibsen succsessfully depicts the very masculine traits that Hedda displays throughout the play with not wanting to conform to the feminine ways or the accepted stereotypes of her gender in her society. Hedda's marriage to her husband, Mr. Tesman, only increases her desire for power because it is a constant re- minder that she now "belongs" to Mr. Tesman which Hedda resents. Hedda considers her life to be boring and finds solace in playing with her father's pistols, which is considered not a thing for a young lady to do and a very inappropriate form of entertainment for a woman. Hedda is a person that displays characteristics of masculinity and jealousy, and is shown to be very unconcerned about the fellings of others she may incounter. The play begins with Miss. Tesman, Mr. Tesman's Aunt, greeting her nephew after his six month wedding-tour. They speak briefly about his journey, and Miss. Tesman comments several times about his new beautiful wife and how lucky he is to have been the one that was choosen out of all her other suitors to carry off the lovely Hedda Gabler. Soon after Hedda enters the room, she has already insulted Tesman's Aunt by implying that her bonnet is the servants: Hedda-"Look there! She has left her old bonnet lying on the chair" Tesman-"But Hedda, thats aunt Julia's bonnet" Miss Tesman-"Yes, indeed it's mine. And, what's more it's not old, Madam Hedda" (Act I). Hedda again shows her disconcern when her husband tries to show her the slippers that his aunt has made for him as a gift: Hedda- "Thanks, I really don't care about it" Tesman- "Only think-as ill as she was, Aunt Rina embroidered these for me. Oh you can't think of how many associations cling to them" Hedda - "Scarcely for me"(Act I). Hedda pretends to befriend Mrs. Thea Elvsted ( a schoolmate from her youth) in order to solicit her confidence about her situation with an old friend of Mr.Tesman and an old flame of hers, Eilert Lovborg, who was a drunk back in the day, but has cleaned up his act and has recent... ... manuscript and burns it, thus destroying Lovborg and Thea's work and altamitly their relationship. Lovborg arrives at the Tesman house where Thea has stayed the night. He lies and tells her that he has torn the manuscript into pieces because he has torn his own life into pieces, after hearing this Thea, in a state of dispare, leaves the house. Once alone with Hedda, Lovborg confesses that he has lost the Manuscript, but could not bring himself to tell Thea because her pure soul was in that book. As he begins to leave, Hedda gives him one of her pistols as a "momento" and tells him to do it beautifully, as though she knew he felt he had nothing to live for. Brack arrived later that day with the news that Lovborg was dead, and that he still had the pistol on him when he was found, and that he knew it was one of Hedda's pistols. He tells her that she would be able to avoid scandal only if he did not tell the police he knew who the gun belonged to, but that meant being in his power, at his beck and call, his slave, and that is something Hedda just could not live with, so she excuses herself, goes in the next room and shoots herself dead. Character Analysis of Hedda from Henrik Ibesen's Hedda Gabler Essay Character Analysis of Hedda from Henrik Ibesen's Hedda Gabler Henrik Ibsen's play Hedda Gabler portrays the life of a young newlywed woman named Hedda and her attemps to overpower the people around her. Ibsen succsessfully depicts the very masculine traits that Hedda displays throughout the play with not wanting to conform to the feminine ways or the accepted stereotypes of her gender in her society. Hedda's marriage to her husband, Mr. Tesman, only increases her desire for power because it is a constant re- minder that she now "belongs" to Mr. Tesman which Hedda resents. Hedda considers her life to be boring and finds solace in playing with her father's pistols, which is considered not a thing for a young lady to do and a very inappropriate form of entertainment for a woman. Hedda is a person that displays characteristics of masculinity and jealousy, and is shown to be very unconcerned about the fellings of others she may incounter. The play begins with Miss. Tesman, Mr. Tesman's Aunt, greeting her nephew after his six month wedding-tour. They speak briefly about his journey, and Miss. Tesman comments several times about his new beautiful wife and how lucky he is to have been the one that was choosen out of all her other suitors to carry off the lovely Hedda Gabler. Soon after Hedda enters the room, she has already insulted Tesman's Aunt by implying that her bonnet is the servants: Hedda-"Look there! She has left her old bonnet lying on the chair" Tesman-"But Hedda, thats aunt Julia's bonnet" Miss Tesman-"Yes, indeed it's mine. And, what's more it's not old, Madam Hedda" (Act I). Hedda again shows her disconcern when her husband tries to show her the slippers that his aunt has made for him as a gift: Hedda- "Thanks, I really don't care about it" Tesman- "Only think-as ill as she was, Aunt Rina embroidered these for me. Oh you can't think of how many associations cling to them" Hedda - "Scarcely for me"(Act I). Hedda pretends to befriend Mrs. Thea Elvsted ( a schoolmate from her youth) in order to solicit her confidence about her situation with an old friend of Mr.Tesman and an old flame of hers, Eilert Lovborg, who was a drunk back in the day, but has cleaned up his act and has recent... ... manuscript and burns it, thus destroying Lovborg and Thea's work and altamitly their relationship. Lovborg arrives at the Tesman house where Thea has stayed the night. He lies and tells her that he has torn the manuscript into pieces because he has torn his own life into pieces, after hearing this Thea, in a state of dispare, leaves the house. Once alone with Hedda, Lovborg confesses that he has lost the Manuscript, but could not bring himself to tell Thea because her pure soul was in that book. As he begins to leave, Hedda gives him one of her pistols as a "momento" and tells him to do it beautifully, as though she knew he felt he had nothing to live for. Brack arrived later that day with the news that Lovborg was dead, and that he still had the pistol on him when he was found, and that he knew it was one of Hedda's pistols. He tells her that she would be able to avoid scandal only if he did not tell the police he knew who the gun belonged to, but that meant being in his power, at his beck and call, his slave, and that is something Hedda just could not live with, so she excuses herself, goes in the next room and shoots herself dead.

Marketing and Citibank Essay

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Alhamdulillah, first of all i would like to thank God as finally I was able to finish my assignment that have been given by Marketing lecturer to me. Besides that, not forget also a to my friends Muhammad Kharusani because without his guide me assignment cannot be done properly like this. He always gives supports and guide to me how to do the assignment in purpose to produce a good outcome from research that been studied. Credits also are given to friends class HND1B which help each other to complete this task. Topic that been given by me are regarding concept and process of marketing citibank company. Finally, thank to our beloved friend that always stick together and also work hard to produce a good assignment with all afford and responsibility. Hope that all the effort will give a lot of benefits to me . Not forget also for those who help me complete this assignment direct or indirectly. ABOUT CITIBANK Citibank, a major international bank, is the consumer banking arm of financial services giant Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. As of March 2010, Citigroup is the third largest bank holding company in the United States by total assets, after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. Citibank has retail banking operations in more than 160 countries and territories around the world. More than half of its 1,400 offices are in the United States, mostly in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Washington, D.C. and Miami. More recently, Citibank has expanded its operations in the Boston, Philadelphia, Houston, and Dallas metropolitan areas. In addition to the standard banking transactions, Citibank offers insurance, credit cards and investment products. Their online services division is among the most successful in the field, citation needed claiming about 15 million users. As a result of the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 and huge losses in the value of its subprime mortgage assets, Citibank was rescued by the U.S. government under plans agreed for Citigroup. On November 23, 2008, in addition to initial aid of $25 billion, a further $25 billion was invested in the corporation together with guarantees for risky assets amounting to $306 billion. Since this time, Citibank has repaid its government loans in full. Q1. Present two definitions of marketing and compare both definitions. Provide relevant examples which relate to Citibank case study. Based on Philip kotler definition, Marketing is a social and managerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. In other words, customer will exchange what their value (e.g money), only if their want is met. Based on my opinion, Philip kotler saying that people change what they want is to gain profit and use their valuable item to change it. In daily life also, we need to satisfy our demand by used exchanging process otherwise we cannot improve in a way of how we live. In wanting to possess such a product, we have to pay a price (cost). Hence, in making a decision to purchase an item, the customer will consider both the value and the price. After we have decided on the product, it can then be procured via the process of exchange or transactions. Based on Citigroup, they are using this strategy to satisfy their customer needs and wants. Based on Rochelle Rucker, Citibank faced a few problems to initiate manual fund problems. When they want to send money from their accounts, they call their banker and then fax, phone or mail in requests to have the transaction processed. Because the process was so complicated, customers complained. Most of the complaints lodged with the department dealt with the time it took to complete the process. So, in order to overcome this problem, Citibank use six sigma program methods to solve it. Six Sigma is a business management strategy seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. Six sigma used a simple method which is Pareto chart. This chart gives data which has the highest problem occur most often. A team composed of bankers and operations people identified the entire funds transfer process, tabulating defects and analyzing them using a Pareto chart. One of the methods is using internal call-back procedure, which required staff to call the person requesting the funds transfer to make sure that the instructions were correct and hadn’t been altered. So in this way, Citibank can ensure that their customer has no problem and problem solved. By using this six sigma method Citibank strives for perfect processes to satisfy customer. In Citibank Malaysia, they have proved their commitment for their customer and community live. A large aspect of Citibank’s corporate citizenship in Malaysia focuses on helping people of all ages better understand and practise financial management. In 2010, Citibank Foundation allocated grants totalling USD208,000 for their community-based projects. They have worked with Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) and invited a new collaboration with ERA Consumer Malaysia to launch the second season of the â€Å"Stretching Your Ringgit† program on TV1, TV2 and Radio RTM. The initiative followed encouraging survey findings that showed more than 70% of Malaysians polled realised the importance of financial management, especially those in the low-middle income bracket. According to American Marketing Association Board of Directors Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customer s, clients, partners, and society at large. In this case, AMA said that marketing occur when both of the company involve when there is activity among them. Citibank use the same concept which they provide services to their customer to save the money and make it easier. Citibank also provide bank loan, Credit card, Deposits, Investment, Citigold which gives benefit to customer. Citibank also use communicating to contact with their customer to provide services or solving problem. Citibank provide services to customer which can give both benefit. for example Citibank provide bank loan and this can reduce burden for people which has low income. As for the Citibank also, they make interest for those who borrow bank loan and this will give benefit to the firm. Both of definition gives the same meaning in different way. Philip kotler emphasize of the customer needs and wants. We can say Citibank really care about their customer so they will try the best to overcome any problem that customer faced. In india Citibank care their customer, this can be shown by their customer â€Å"I can safely say that Citi provides the best card services for India, which is why most of my spend is on Citi and I recommend it to my friends. A lot of the success is the result of having passionate, committed, service oriented people like Manish. My kudos to him†. (J sajeev, 2011).American Marketing Association which more to creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society. The difference between this concept is AMA is more to set of activity which no related to customer needs and wants. Citibank satisfy their customer and this is the key of how Citibank more success than the others banker in Malaysia. Compare to Maybank Malaysia, Citibank is much older than the others banker in Malaysia. We can say that Citibank is more experience in handling money. Q2. Identify at least three main characteristics of a marketing-oriented organization of Citibank case study and provide an examples for each characteristic. What is marketing orientation? Marketing orientation is a philosophy focused on discovering and meeting the needs and desires of its customers through its product mix. Unlike past marketing strategies that concentrated on establishing selling points for existing products, market orientation works in reverse, attempting to tailor products to meet the demands of customers. In essence, market orientation can be thought of as a coordinated marketing campaign between a company and its customers. Nowadays, business firm use this concept to make their customer stick with their product. We can say that the idea that companies can create a product and sell its features to an eager buying public is no longer concrete. With an increasingly global economy and more and more choices for consumers, companies must be willing to adapt their mark et orientation to stay competitive. Based on my opinion, nowadays in Malaysia, we can see a lot of bank is available. So the competition becomes higher than before. In order to attract more people to use their services, Citibank has to adapt with current situation. Citibank use marketing oriented business to identifying customer, consumer needs and wants. In Malaysia, Citibank provide Islamic banking way to satisfy their customer. By using PEST analysis, we can say that Malaysian people are majority muslim and the idea of Citibank to provide Islamic banking which satisfy customer are brilliant. So people can enjoy with low interest rates given. Citibank in Malaysia facing a problem regarding high interest rate offered, so they make a research and develop a new system which enable customer use their Islamic banking. Another services that they provide is Citibank Guard Savings is The first savings account in Malaysia that’s enhanced with free Takaful coverage against critical illness. Citibank Home i Partner provide Capped Rate, Flexible Payment and Daily Calculation, Citibank Checking Account I is a system provided by checking account that honours the Islamic banking principle of guaranteed safe custody approved by the Shariah body. Based on the services provided by Citibank, we can conclude that Citibank care about their customer needs and develop a new system according to community lived. Just like the others bank, Citibank online will make all the transactions become much easier as customer can save valuable time and money. No more hassles with long queues, parking and travelling. As we can see, Citibank developing products to meet customer needs and wants. So they come out with product and services which give benefit to their customer Credit Cards, Ready Credit, Home Loans, Loans, Deposits, Investments, Insurance, Islamic Banking. So this is basic need in any of bank in Malaysia. What is the differences between Citibank and the other bank? So let’s take an example of Citibank ready card. Citibank Ready Credit is an Unsecured Personal Overdraft with Checking Facility that allows you to access cash easily in any amount in excess of your credit balance up to the approved overdraft limit. With ready card, we can access our balance in credit card even if the amount has exceeds the limits. As a fact, Maybank did not have their owned ready card. Citibank ready card is benefit to their customer as it is convenient to pay, pay for amount that we use. Another characteristic of a marketing oriented business is making the product is available to customer at a righ t time and place. We already know about product and services of Citibank as Credit Cards, Ready Credit, Home Loans, Loans, Deposits, Investments, Insurance, Islamic Banking. Let’s take an example of Credit cards, before this Citibank only produced normal credit for their customer only. But now, Citibank produced a new credit card Citibank at work. Citibank at Work takes Citibank’s world-class consumer banking products and services right to the doorstep of employees at their workplace. Apart from enjoying customized privileges across a wide range of products including banking accounts, credit cards, loans, deposits and insurance on-site, employees of these companies also have access to financial seminars and lifestyle events, tailored to their specific profiles and needs. By using Citibank at work, business company can do their job efficiently as they have their own business credit card. Q3. Explain four elements of the marketing concept and relate your answer with Citibank case study. FOUR ELEMENTS OF MARKETING ORIENTED ORGANIZATION Production Concept is a concept where goods are produced without taking into consideration the choices or tastes of your customers. It is one of the earliest marketing concepts where goods were just produced on the belief that they will be sold because consumers need them. It holds that customers will prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive. Manager focusing on this concept concentrate on achieving high production efficiency, low cost, and mass distribution. From my opinion, production concept emphasize on distribution of product. This type of concept are easier to use. Based on the case study, Citibank provided more credit card for their customer. Each customer could have more than one credit card. Product Concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. Managers focusing on this concept concentrate on making superior products and improving them over time. They assume that buyers admire well-made products and can appraise quality and performance. However, these managers are sometimes caught up in a love affair with their product and do not realize what the market needs. Related to the case study, Citibank improved their product to satisfy customer need. Before this, customer got problem to use their credit card where credit card can be used for loan only. But after an improvement, Citibank come out with Citibank Premier Miles card, Platinum, Citi business, Air-Asia Citibank gold. Next elements use is selling concept. It holds that consumers and businesses if left alone, will ordinarily not buy enough of the selling company’s product. Selling concept also is an idea in marketing that if customers are left to themselves, they will not make the effort to buy a company’s products. Therefore, it dictates, companies must be aggressive in pushing their sales. Based on my opinion, if company want to sell their product by using selling concept, they have to be aggressive in promoting their product. Not like the older ways where they promote their product by using agents. As for the Citibank case study, nowadays they advertise their product through internet and media more efficiently. Marketing concept is a business philosophy that combines above three business orientation. It holds that the key to achieving it’s organizational goals consists of company being more effective than competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating customer value to it’s selected target customers. These three philosophies are the product, selling, and marketing philosophies. Even though each philosophy has a particular time when it was dominant, a philosophy did not die with the end of its era of dominance. In fact, all three philosophies are being used today. The best way to meet the organization’s goals is also by meeting customer needs and wants. The marketing concept’s emphasis is to understand the customers before designing and producing a product for them. With the customer’s wants and needs incorporated into the design and manufacture of the product, sales and profit goals are far more likely to be met. What are Citibank do to satisfy their customer needs based on marketing concept is they make swot analysis to know what can be done to attract more customer in Citibank. Citibank (2009) has mention that their customers can have their banking activities in the Islamic principles. This not only able attracts more customer but Citibank are show that they understand their customer need in the daily banking activities. This principle have apply in Citibank branch in Malaysia. â€Å"What are the reasons behind the recent growth in Islamic finance? One is the strong demand from a large number of immigrant and non immigrant Muslims for Sharia-compliant financial services and transactions.† (Low chee hua, 2010) In order to compete in the rising of the demand of Islamic Banking, Citibank has introduced the Islamic Banking to their customers. So basically, marketing concept is satisfy customer problem and solved it by looking of what customer need. The societal marketing concept was an offshoot of the marketing concept wherein an organization believes in giving back to the society by producing better products targeted towards society welfare. Some have questioned whether the marketing concept is an appropriate philosophy in an age of environmental deterioration, resource shortages, explosive population growth, world hunger and poverty, and neglected social services. The marketing concept possibily sidesteps the potential conflicts among consumer wants. Citibank also take part in their societal marketing. Citibank became a major sponsor of the Sydney Swans in 2005, who is play in the AFL. The marketing concept is about matching a company’s capabilities with customer wants. This matching process takes place in what is called the marketing environment. Businesses do not undertake marketing activities alone. They face threats from competitors, and changes in the political, economic, social and technological environment. All these factors have to be taken into account as a business tries to match its capabilities with the needs and wants of its target customers. An organisation that adopts the marketing concept accepts the needs of potential customers as the basis for its operations. Success is dependent on satisfying customer needs. So basically, Citibank use marketing concept to attract more customer to use their services. One of the techniques used is credit card promotion such as Instant Rewards at Shell, Domino’s pizza, Samsung S3, Asia web direct. Before this, if customer wants to pay bill or loan they have to go to Citibank. But nowadays, they upgrade their system to online banking so that customer can pay instantly and reduce waste time. Q4. Provide an indication of the likely costs and benefits to Citibank case study in adapting a marketing approach. In Citibank, there are many advantages and disadvantages of a marketing approach. Customer Satisfaction In customer satisfaction, it refers to which a product’s perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectation. It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. We can see based on their services of Citibank do for their customer. In Malaysia, Even the Citibank atm machine is less than the other bank, but their services to customer is good. Citibank will try their best to solve problem of customer credit card so that they will not lose their customer. Customer Care Customer care is a phrase that is used to describe the process of taking care of our customers in a positive manner. The term is used in place of complaint handling due to its positive focus, and is a reminder that customer satisfaction is a priority. Related to Citibank case study, they care about their customer. we can see that Citibank provide customer services so they will know any problem of customer faced. There is a few customer having problem regarding Citibank delay card. As banks are losing their customer fast, they are coming up with different strategies to retain their customers. ‘When/where was the last time you made the transaction with the card?’; I told him I don’t remember anymore since I have a few cards and I have not been using Citibank Card for a while. He insisted me to answer that question before he can proceed, and I insisted I that I don’t remember and suggested him to ask another verification question†. (Kclau, 2010) Quality of services and products. In company, they must have their own quality of services and products. It is designed to constantly improve the quality of their products, services and marketing concept. In Citibank, their main objective at Citibank is to provide reliable and quality services to our customers. Our customer service policy has the overall aim of ensuring that our customers are provided with services which are reliable and best suited to their needs. They have to manage and ensure that quality control standards for services are met. Citibank also have online credit card services so they can login anytime, anywhere to view their account details and activities. DISADVANTAGES OF CITIBANK There is one reason and one reason only that it’s so easy to get a store credit card: they are confident that they will make money off of customer purchase. The interest charged on store cards, as compared to bank credit cards, is at least several percentage points higher and often as much as 10-15% higher. As well, annual fees or sign-up fees may run twice as much as those of standard credit cards. Means that, Citibank charged is higher than the other banks in Malaysia, so that’s why only businessman use Citibank. It involved high cost in retaining the customers. And also, the target market for Citibank is higher because they only target their customer on businessman. CONCLUSION As overall conclusion, Citibank is one of the multinational companies that successful in online based financial institution that operate in Malaysia. Citibank able to understand the culture of local citizen (promo Islamic Banking Services), able to gain their market share by solved the geographical problem (online banking services), able to cost cutting by promo the online banking culture to their customer, and able to compete with the local financial institution. We know that Citibank is really cares about their customer and try their best to satisfy customer needs and wants. Based on this concept of marketing, Citibank now are well known in all around the world. Although it is a foreign company but Citibank is a good model to local financial institution to learn their strategies to increase their competitive capability to compete in the global market.